Eucharist

===Restorationism===
====Irvingian====
In the [[Irvingian Church]]es, Holy Communion, along with Holy Baptism and Holy Sealing, is one of the three [[sacraments]].<ref name="Whalen1981">{{cite book |last1=Whalen |first1=William Joseph |title=Minority Religions in America |date=1981 |publisher=Alba House |isbn=978-0-8189-0413-4 |page=104 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Nomos1992">{{cite book |title=Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) Federal Republic of Germany |date=1992 |publisher=Nomos |isbn=978-3-8329-2132-3 |page=6 |language=English}}</ref> It is the focus of the Divine Service in the liturgies of Irvingism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professing Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://www.nac-usa.org/go-deeper/devotionals/2017-devotionals/item/1826-professing-christ-in-holy-communion.html |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English |date=2017 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429205629/https://www.nac-usa.org/go-deeper/devotionals/2017-devotionals/item/1826-professing-christ-in-holy-communion.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Edward Irving]], who founded the Irvingian Churches, such as the [[New Apostolic Church]], taught the [[real presence of Christ in the Eucharist]], emphasizing "the ''humiliated'' humanity of Christ in the Lord's Supper."<ref name="Lee2018">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=David Y. T. |title=A Charismatic Model of the Church: Edward Irving's Teaching in a 21st-century Chinese Context |date= 2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-1208-5 |page=167 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Bennett2014">{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=David Malcolm |title=Edward Irving Reconsidered: The Man, His Controversies, and the Pentecostal Movement |year=2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62564-865-5 |page=292 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="NAC2020">{{cite web |title=8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/kennenlernen/katechismus?chapter=8.2 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English |date=18 December 2020|work=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church}}</ref> Additionally, the Irvingian Churches affirm the "real presence of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ in Holy Communion":<ref name="NAC2020"/>
{{blockquote|Jesus Christ is in the midst of the congregation as the crucified, risen, and returning Lord. Thus His once-brought sacrifice is also present in that its effect grants the individual access to salvation. In this way, the celebration of Holy Communion causes the partakers to repeatedly envision the sacrificial death of the Lord, which enables them to proclaim it with conviction (1 Corinthians 11: 26).<ref>{{cite web |title=8.2.13 The real presence of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/kennenlernen/katechismus?id=486cc250-3c08-4bf9-bc8b-149d3628fcf1 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English |date=18 December 2020|work=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church}}</ref>}}

In the Irvingian tradition of Restorationist Christianity, [[consubstantiation]] is taught as the explanation of how the real presence is effected in the liturgy.<ref name="NAC">{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}</ref>

====Seventh-day Adventists====
In the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] the Holy Communion service customarily is celebrated once per quarter. The service includes the ordinance of [[footwashing]] and the Lord's Supper. Unleavened bread and unfermented (non-alcoholic) grape juice is used. [[Open communion]] is practised: all who have committed their lives to the Saviour may participate. The communion service must be conducted by an ordained pastor, minister or church elder.<ref>Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual, 17th edition, 2005, pp. 81–86. Published by the secretariat, [[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]].</ref><ref>Seventh-day Adventists Believe: An exposition of the fundamental beliefs of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. 2nd edition, 2005. Copyright Ministeral Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Chapter 16: The Lord's Supper</ref>

====Jehovah's Witnesses====
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] commemorate Jesus' death annually on the evening that corresponds to the Passover,<ref>''Reasoning From The Scriptures'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 265.</ref> [[Quartodeciman|Nisan 14]], according to the ancient [[Jewish calendar]].<ref>''Insight on the Scriptures'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 392.</ref> They generally refer to the observance as "the Lord's Evening Meal" or the "Memorial of Christ's Death". They believe the event is the only annual religious observance commanded for Christians in the Bible.<ref>"Jehovah is a God of Covenants", ''The Watchtower'', 1 February 1998, p. 8, "Jesus instituted the only annual religious observance commanded for Christians—the Memorial of his death."</ref>

Of those who attend the Memorial, a small minority worldwide partake of the wine and unleavened bread. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only [[144,000#Jehovah's Witnesses|144,000]] people will go to heaven, to serve as under-priests and co-rulers with [[Christ the King]] in [[God's Kingdom]]. They are referred to as the "anointed" class. They believe that the baptized "[[other sheep]]" also benefit from the ransom sacrifice, and are respectful observers and viewers of the Lord's Supper, but they hope to obtain everlasting life in Paradise restored on earth.<ref name=jwbh>{{cite book|title=What Does the Bible Really Teach?|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005155|publisher=Watch Tower Society|page=207}}</ref>

The Memorial, held after sundown, includes a sermon on the meaning and importance of the celebration and gathering, and includes the circulation of unadulterated red wine and unleavened bread (matzo). Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the bread represents Jesus' perfect body which he gave on behalf of mankind, and that the wine represents his perfect blood which he shed to redeem fallen man from inherited sin and death. The wine and the bread (sometimes referred to as "emblems") are viewed as symbolic and commemorative; the Witnesses do not believe in [[transubstantiation]] or [[consubstantiation]].<ref name=jwbh /><ref>"Discerning What We Are – At Memorial Time", ''The Watchtower'', 15 February 1990, p. 16.</ref>

====Latter-day Saints====
{{main|Sacrament (LDS Church)}}
In [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the "Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper",<ref name="LDS_Sacrament">See, e.g., {{cite book |first= B. H. |last= Roberts |year= 1938 |title= Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |publisher= Deseret News Press |oclc= 0842503005 |title-link= Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints }}</ref> more simply referred to as the Sacrament, is administered every Sunday (except General Conference or other special Sunday meeting) in each [[Ward (LDS Church)|Latter-Day Saint Ward]] or branch worldwide at the beginning of [[Sacrament meeting]]. The Sacrament, which consists of both ordinary bread and water (rather than wine or grape juice), is prepared by [[Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|priesthood]] holders prior to the beginning of the meeting. At the beginning of the Sacrament, [[Priest (Latter Day Saints)|priests]] say specific prayers to bless the bread and water.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/20.75-84?lang=eng |title= Doctrine and Covenants 20:75 |publisher= LDS Church |access-date= 2009-06-19}}</ref> The Sacrament is passed row-by-row to the congregation by priesthood holders (typically [[Deacon (Latter Day Saints)|deacons]]).<ref name="lds. org">{{cite web |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/handbook-2-administering-the-church/priesthood-ordinances-and-blessings/priesthood-ordinances-and-blessings |title= Handbook 2: Administering the Church, Chapter 20.4.3 |access-date=2011-10-30}}</ref>

The prayer recited for the bread and the water is found in the [[Book of Mormon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Moroni 4 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/4?lang=eng |website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org |access-date=14 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moroni 5 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/5?lang=eng |website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org |access-date=14 September 2018 }}</ref> and Doctrine and Covenants. The prayer contains the above essentials given by Jesus: "Always remember him, and keep his commandments […] that they may always have his Spirit to be with them." (Moroni, 4:3.)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Restoration of the Sacrament |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1992/01/the-restoration-of-the-sacrament-part-1-loss-and-christian-reformations?lang=eng |website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org |access-date=14 September 2018 }}</ref>