Russia

=== Transport and energy ===
{{Main|Transport in Russia|Energy in Russia}}
[[File:VL 85-022 container train.jpg|thumb|The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to [[Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7 |title=I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world. |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Katie |last=Warren |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>]]
[[Rail transport in Russia|Railway transport in Russia]] is mostly under the control of the state-run [[Russian Railways]]. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's [[List of countries by rail transport network size|third-longest]], and exceeds {{convert|87000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |title=Railways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Russia has the world's [[List of countries by road network size|fifth-largest road network]], with 1.5 million&nbsp;km of roads,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://government.ru/info/22865/ |title=О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры|trans-title=On the development of road infrastructure |work=[[Government of Russia]] |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> while its road density is among the world's lowest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/ |title=Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific. |work=International Road Federation |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> Russia's inland waterways are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|longest]], and total {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Among [[List of airports in Russia|Russia's 1,218 airports]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |title=Airports – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest]] is [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] in Moscow. Russia's largest port is the [[Port of Novorossiysk]] in [[Krasnodar Krai]] along the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Guzeva|first=Alexandra|date=20 April 2021|title=10 Biggest port cities in Russia|url=https://www.rbth.com/travel/333689-russia-biggest-port-cities|access-date=13 February 2022|website=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

Russia was widely described as an [[energy superpower]].<ref>{{cite book | editor = Elizabeth Buchanan |year=2021 | title = Russian Energy Strategy in the Asia-Pacific: Implications for Australia | publisher =  Australian National University | page = 86 | isbn = 978-1-76046-339-7 | oclc = 1246214035 | url = {{GBurl|id=bdIwEAAAQBAJ|p=86}}}}</ref> It has the world's largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|proven gas reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |title=Natural gas – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174101/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> the second-largest [[coal reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition |url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=bp.com |publisher=[[BP]] |page=45}}</ref> the eighth-largest [[oil reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the largest [[oil shale reserves]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2010 |title=2010 Survey of Energy Resources |url=https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/ser_2010_report_1.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |page=102 |isbn=978-0-946121-02-1}}</ref> Russia is also the world's [[List of countries by natural gas exports|leading natural gas exporter]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/articles/energy-fact-sheet-why-does-russian-oil-and-gas-matter|title=Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? – Analysis|website=International Energy Agency|date=21 March 2022}}</ref> the [[List of countries by natural gas production|second-largest natural gas producer]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-production/country-comparison/ |title=Natural gas – production |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-production/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the second-largest oil [[List of countries by oil production|producer]] and [[List of countries by oil exports|exporter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-production/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – production |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-production/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-exports/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – exports |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330235135/http://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-exports/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russia's oil and gas production led to deep economic relationships with the [[European Union]], China, and [[Soviet Union|former Soviet]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern Bloc states]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/russian-supplies-to-global-energy-markets/oil-market-and-russian-supply-2 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="IEA">{{cite web |title=Gas Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/russian-supplies-to-global-energy-markets/gas-market-and-russian-supply-2 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total [[European Union]] (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022.<ref name="IEA"/>

In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2594003|title=Нефть со всеми вытекающими|date=27 October 2014|website=www.kommersant.ru}}</ref> The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices,<ref>Movchan, Andrey (14 September 2015). [https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/61272 "Just an Oil Company? The True Extent of Russia's Dependency on Oil and Gas."] [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] (CarnegieMoscow.org). Retrieved 17 July 2023.</ref> but the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP, including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities, amounts to 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020. This is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway and Kazakhstan. It is much lower than the share of GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf|title=Определение доли нефтегазового сектора в валовом внутреннем продукте Российской Федерации|language=ru|website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/07/2021/60ec40d39a7947f74aeb2aae|title=Росстат впервые рассчитал долю нефти и газа в российском ВВП|website=РБК|date=13 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020|website=neftegazru.com|date=14 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norvanreports.com/oil-gas-share-of-russias-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020 &#124; NORVANREPORTS.COM &#124; Business News, Insurance, Taxation, Oil & Gas, Maritime News, Ghana, Africa, World|date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Oil-Gas-Share-Of-Russias-GDP-Dropped-To-15-In-2020.html|title=Oil & Gas Share Of Russia's GDP Dropped To 15% In 2020|website=OilPrice.com}}</ref>

Russia ratified the [[Paris Agreement]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sauer |first=Natalie |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/news/russia-formally-joins-paris-climate-pact/ |title=Russia formally joins Paris climate pact |work=[[Euractiv]] |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia]] are the world's [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|fourth-largest]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Ian |title=Is Russia finally getting serious on climate change? |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/russia-finally-getting-serious-climate-change |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |date=1 November 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> Russia is the world's fourth-largest [[electricity producer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison |title=Electricity – production |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093053/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|first nuclear power plant]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/june-27-1954-worlds-first-nuclear-power-plant-opens/ |title=June 27, 1954: World's First Nuclear Power Plant Opens |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |first=Tony |last=Long  |date=27 June 2012 |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Russia was also the world's fourth-largest [[Nuclear power by country|nuclear energy producer]] in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Nuclear Power Today |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=world-nuclear.org |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> and was the fifth-largest [[Hydroelectricity#World hydroelectric capacity|hydroelectric producer]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whiteman |first1=Adrian |last2=Akande |first2=Dennis |last3=Elhassan |first3=Nazik |last4=Escamilla |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lebedys |first5=Arvydas |last6=Arkhipova |first6=Lana |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |location=[[Abu Dhabi]] |publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]] |date=2021 |isbn=978-92-9260-342-7}}</ref>