Oslo

==Transport==
{{Main|Transportation in Oslo}}
[[File:Oslo S aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Oslo S|Oslo Central Station]]|194x194px|left]]

===Public transport===
Oslo has Norway's most extensive public transport system, managed by [[Ruter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Om-Ruter-As/ |title=Om Ruter |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307000751/http://ruter.no/Om-Ruter-As/ |archive-date=7 March 2010 }}</ref> This includes the five-line [[Oslo Metro]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/T-bane/ |title=T-banen – forstadsbane og storbymetro |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002112/http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/T-bane/ |archive-date=6 December 2010}}</ref> the world's most extensive metro per resident; the six-line [[Trams in Oslo|Oslo Tramway]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Trikk/ |title=Trikk |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206090439/http://ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Trikk/ |archive-date=6 December 2010}}</ref> and the eight-line [[Oslo Commuter Rail]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/Lokaltogkart%20A4.pdf |title=Network map commuter trains |publisher=[[Vy|NSB]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029104215/http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/Lokaltogkart%20A4.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The tramway operates within the areas close to the city centre, while the metro, which runs underground through the city centre, operates to suburbs further away; this includes two lines that operate to Bærum, and the [[Ring Line (Oslo)|Ring Line]] which loops to areas north of the centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avinet.no/Oslopakke2/database/faktaark_ny.aspx?id=46 |title=T-baneringen |publisher=[[Oslo Package 2]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501173155/http://www.avinet.no/Oslopakke2/database/faktaark_ny.aspx?id=46 |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref> Oslo is also covered by a bus network consisting of 52 city lines, as well as regional buses to the neighboring county of Akershus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rutetabeller og linjekart for buss i Oslo |url=https://ruter.no/reise/rutetabeller-og-linjekart/buss-i-oslo/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Ruter |language=no}}</ref>

[[Oslo Central Station]] acts as the central hub,<ref name=romplan>{{cite web |url=https://www.jernbanedirektoratet.no/contentassets/52e617297a3a4f21a8441e5e59caf6f3/concept-study-oslo-hub-short-version.pdf |publisher=[[Norwegian Railway Directorate]] |title=CONCEPT STUDY OSLO HUB |access-date=1 May 2019}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and offers rail services to most major cities in southern Norway as well as [[Stockholm]] and [[Gothenburg]] in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/NSB%20Map.pdf |title=Network map |publisher=[[Vy|NSB]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827025855/http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/NSB%20Map.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Flytoget|Airport Express Train]] operates along the high-speed [[Gardermoen Line]]. The [[Drammen Line]] runs under the city centre in the [[Oslo Tunnel]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Bjørn |last=Holøs |title=Stasjoner i sentrum |year=1990 |publisher=Gyldendal Norsk Forlagg |location=Oslo |language=no |isbn=82-05-19082-8 |page=182}}</ref> Some of the city islands and the neighbouring municipality of [[Nesodden]] are connected by ferry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Bat/ |title=Båt til jobb og skole, eller bad og utflukt |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211041834/http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Bat/ |archive-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> Daily [[cruiseferry]] services operate to [[Copenhagen]] and [[Frederikshavn]] in Denmark, and to [[Kiel]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslohavn.no/passasjerer/ |title=Passasjer/turist |publisher=[[Port of Oslo]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174323/http://www.oslohavn.no/passasjerer/ |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref>

=== Airports ===
{{Main|Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Sandefjord Airport, Torp}}
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+Airports around Oslo
|-
!Airport
!IATA/ICAO
!Distance to Oslo
!Passengers (2018)
|-
|[[Oslo-Gardermoen|Gardermoen]]
|'''OSL/ENGM'''
|{{cvt|47|km}}
|28,518,584
|-
|[[Oslo-Torp|Torp]]
|'''TRF/ENTO'''
|{{cvt|110|km}}
|1,963,000
|-
|[[Oslo-Rygge|Rygge]] <br />{{small|(closed 2016)}}
|'''RYG/ENRY'''
|{{cvt|69|km}}
|0 (1,890,889 in 2013)
|}
The main airport serving Oslo is [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Gardermoen Airport]], located in [[Ullensaker]], {{cvt|47|km}} from the city centre of Oslo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.osl.no/en/osl/aboutus/80_Airport+administration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124141331/http://www.osl.no/en/osl/aboutus/80_Airport%2Badministration |archive-date=24 January 2010 |access-date=19 January 2010 |publisher=Oslo Lufthavn }}</ref> It acts as the main international gateway to Norway,<ref name="stat2010">{{cite web |title=Market |url=http://www.osl.no/en/osl/businesstobusiness/_airlines/10_Market |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124135225/http://www.osl.no/en/osl/businesstobusiness/_airlines/10_Market |archive-date=24 November 2009 |access-date=19 January 2010 |publisher=Oslo Lufthavn}}</ref> and is, as of 2021, ranked as the 23rd [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|busiest airport in Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics – Avinor|url=https://avinor.no/contentassets/24814d07f53146d48864b5b1f0d6a44e/passengers-2021.xlsx|website=avinor.no}}</ref> Gardermoen is a hub for [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] and [[Widerøe]]. Oslo is also served by a secondary airport, [[Sandefjord Airport, Torp|Torp Airport]], {{cvt|110|km}} from the city,<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandefjord Lufthavn |title=How do I get to Sandefjord Airport Torp? |url=http://www.torp.no/Pages/Artikkel.aspx?pkMenu=131&pksMenu=143&Language=EN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316072052/http://www.torp.no/Pages/Artikkel.aspx?pkMenu=131&pksMenu=143&Language=EN |archive-date=16 March 2009 |access-date=24 October 2009}}</ref> which serves some [[low-cost carriers]].

===Roads and automobiles===

Many of the motorways pass through the downtown and other parts of the city in tunnels. The construction of the roads is partially supported through a [[toll road|toll ring]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bompenger |url=https://www.vegvesen.no/trafikkinformasjon/reiseinformasjon/bompenger/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Statens vegvesen |language=nb}}</ref> The major motorways through Oslo are [[European route E6|European Route E6]] and [[European route E18|E18]]. There are three [[ring road]]s in Oslo; the innermost 2 being city streets and the outermost, [[Ring 3 (Oslo)|Ring 3]], being an [[Limited-access road|expressway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oslo toll ring / toll plazas |url=http://www.visitoslo.com/en/transport/by-car/toll-ring/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=www.visitoslo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ring 3 – Oslo Byleksikon |url=https://oslobyleksikon.no/side/Ring_3 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=oslobyleksikon.no}}</ref>

Oslo has made an effort since the late 2000s in restricting private car use, as well promoting the use of [[electric vehicle]]s above fossil-fueled vehicles. In 2018, Oslo banned all non-resident cars from its downtown areas.<ref name="Jones-2018">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title='It's the only way forward': Madrid bans polluting vehicles from city centre |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/nov/30/its-the-only-way-forward-madrid-bans-polluting-vehicles-from-city-centre |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607170301/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/nov/30/its-the-only-way-forward-madrid-bans-polluting-vehicles-from-city-centre |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Jonathan |date=19 December 2018 |title=Oslo Puts Up a Stop Sign |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/travel/oslo-restricts-cars-in-city-center.html |access-date=7 June 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154048/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/travel/oslo-restricts-cars-in-city-center.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Oslo has been called the electric vehicle capital of the world, as 41% of all registered cars in the municipality are fully electric.<ref name="Crosse-2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/how-oslo-became-worlds-electric-vehicle-capital |title=How Oslo became the world's electric vehicle capital |language=en |date=22 August 2018 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/kommunefakta/oslo |title=Kommunefakta Oslo |language=no |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> In September 2021, the number of electric vehicles entering Oslo's toll ring was higher than the number of fossil-fueled vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bil24.no/historisk-veiskille-for-elbiler-i-oslo/?amp |title=Historisk veiskille for elbiler i Oslo |language=no |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> The high amount of electric vehicles in Oslo can be attributed to cheaper tolls, no vehicle import tax, no [[VAT]], free parking, and access to [[bus lane]]s throughout the city.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=January 7 |first1=Christina Bu |last2=Est |first2=2022 7:00 Am |title=What Norway Can Teach the World About Electric Vehicles |url=https://time.com/6133180/norway-electric-vehicles/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Crosse-2018" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:GMB BFM 71104 1.jpg|[[Flytoget]] – the Airport Express Train – a [[High-speed rail|high-speed rail service]] connecting the city with its main airport at [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Gardermoen]]
File:Nationaltheatret station Oslo.jpg|A Metro train leaving [[Nationaltheatret (station)|Nationaltheatret Station]]
File:CyclePickandDrop.jpg|A rental bicycle station in the city center
File:14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg|Buses at [[Jernbanetorget]]
File:20220203 Bjoervika SL18.jpg|alt=|An SL18-model tram at Bjørvika, set to replace the older [[SL79]] and [[SL95]] models within 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acando |title=Sporveien AS - Om Sporveien Trikken |url=https://sporveien.com/inter/omtrikken?p_document_id=2416954 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=sporveien.com |language=no |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528174656/https://sporveien.com/inter/omtrikken?p_document_id=2416954 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
</gallery>