Middle Ages Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==References== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Laurie Schneider|orig-year=1994|year=2011|title=A History of Western Art|edition=Fifth|url=https://archive.org/details/A_History_of_Western_Art/page/n3/mode/2up|publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education|McGraw Hill]]|isbn=978-0-07-337922-7}} *{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=John H.|author-link=John H. 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F.|title=The Western Church in the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/westernchurchinm0000thom/mode/2up|year=1998|publisher=[[Hodder Headline|Arnold]]|isbn=978-0-340-60118-1}} *{{cite book|last=Vale|first=Malcolm|editor-last=Holmes|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Holmes (historian)|title=[[The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe]]|orig-year=1988|year=2001|chapter=The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200β1500|pages=297β351|series=Oxford Illustrated History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-285220-5}} *{{cite book|last=Watts|first=John|author-link=John Watts (historian)|orig-year=2009|year=2014|title=The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300β1500|series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-of-polities/1950FE163A58619D378E7D3712664CC0|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-79664-4}} *{{cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Wickham|year=2009|title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400β1000|series=[[The Penguin History of Europe]]|volume=II|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/25880/the-inheritance-of-rome-by-chris-wickham/9780140290141|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-713-99429-2}} *{{cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|year=2016|title=Medieval Europe|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300228823/medieval-europe/|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-3002-0834-4}} {{refend}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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