Middle Ages Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text==References== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Laurie Schneider|orig-year=1994|year=2011|title=A History of Western Art|edition=Fifth|url=https://archive.org/details/A_History_of_Western_Art/page/n3/mode/2up|publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education|McGraw Hill]]|isbn=978-0-07-337922-7}} *{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=John H.|author-link=John H. Arnold (historian)|orig-year=2008|year=2021|title=What is Medieval History|edition=Second|series=What is History?|url=https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=what-is-medieval-history-2nd-edition--9781509532551|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|isbn=978-1-5095-3256-8}} *{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Rebecca|year=2009|title=Fashion: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/fashion-a-very-short-introduction-9780199547906?cc=us&lang=en&|series=[[Very Short Introductions]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-954790-6}} *{{cite book|last=Backman|first=Clifford R.|orig-year=2009|year=2022|title=The Worlds of Medieval Europe|edition=Fourth|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-worlds-of-medieval-europe-9780197571538?q=The%20Worlds%20of%20Medieval%20Europe&lang=en&cc=us|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-1975-7153-8}} *{{cite book|last=Barber|first=Malcolm|author-link=Malcolm Barber|orig-year=1992|year=2004|title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320|edition=Second|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Two-Cities-Medieval-Europe-10501320/Barber/p/book/9780415174152|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-17415-2}} *{{cite book|last=Bartlett|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Bartlett (historian)|orig-year=1993|year=1994|title=The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/14965/the-making-of-europe-by-robert-bartlett/9780140154092|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-140-15409-2}} *{{cite book|last=Benton|first=Janetta Rebold|author-link=Janetta Rebold Benton|year=2002|title=Art of the Middle Ages|series=[[World of Art]]|url=http://thamesandhudson.com/art-of-the-middle-ages-9780500203507|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=978-0-500-20350-7}} *{{cite book|last=Bitel|first=Lisa M.|year=2002|title=Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400–1100|series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks|url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/history/european-history-450-1000/women-early-medieval-europe-4001100?site_view=mobile|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-59773-9}} *{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Brown (historian)|orig-year=1971|year=1989|title=The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750|series=Library of World Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/worldoflateantiq0000brow|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-393-95803-4}} *{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Thomas|editor-last=Holmes|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Holmes (historian)|title=[[The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe]]|orig-year=1988|year=2001|chapter=The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean, 400–900|pages=1–62|series=Oxford Illustrated History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-285220-5}} *{{cite book|last=Chazan|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Chazan|year=2006|title=The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom, 1000–1500|series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks|url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/history/european-history-1000-1450/jews-medieval-western-christendom-10001500?format=PB|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-84666-0}} *{{cite book|last=Colish|first=Marcia L.|orig-year=1997|year=2002|title=Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400–1400|series=The Yale Intellectual History of the West|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300078527/medieval-foundations-of-the-western-intellectual-tradition/|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-07852-7}} *{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Collins|orig-year=1991|year=2010|title=Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000|edition=Third|series=History of Europe|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/early-medieval-europe-3001000-9780230006737/|publisher=[[Macmillan International Higher Education]], [[Red Globe Press]]|isbn=978-0-333-69381-0}} *{{cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|author-link=Florin Curta|year=2019|title=Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300), ''Volume I''|series=Brill's Companion to European History|url=https://brill.com/display/title/34623?rskey=2fUyZ0&result=1|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=978-90-04-41534-8}} *{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Davies|year=1996|title=Europe: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-520912-9}} *{{cite book|last=Denley|first=Peter|editor-last=Holmes|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Holmes (historian)|title=[[The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe]]|orig-year=1988|year=2001|chapter=The Mediterranean in the Age of Renaissance, 1200–1500|pages=235–296|series=Oxford Illustrated History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-285220-5}} *{{cite book|last=Dodwell|first=C. R.|author-link=Charles Reginald Dodwell|year=1993|title=The Pictorial Arts of the West: 800–1200|series=Pelican History of Art|url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialartsofw00dodw|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-06493-3}} *{{cite book|last=Ellenblum|first=Ronnie|author-link=Ronnie Ellenblum|year=2012|title=The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/collapse-of-the-eastern-mediterranean/92C6970E1D450DC41EA44B9DD1B53696|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-02335-2}} *{{cite book|last=Epstein|first=Steven A.|year=2009|title=An Economic and Social History of Later Medieval Europe, 1000–1500|url=https://www.cambridge.org/hu/universitypress/subjects/history/european-history-1000-1450/economic-and-social-history-later-medieval-europe-10001500?format=HB&isbn=9780521880367|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-70653-7}} *{{cite book|last=Fine|first=John V. A.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|orig-year=1987|year=2009|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|url=https://press.umich.edu/Books/T/The-Late-Medieval-Balkans|publisher=[[The University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=978-0-472-08260-5}} *{{cite book|last=Fossier|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Fossier|editor-last=Fossier|editor-first=Robert|translator=Sarah Hanbury Tenison|title=1250–1520|orig-year=1983|year=1986|chapter=From Europe to the World|pages=454–493|series=[[The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages]]|volume=III|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-26646-8}} *{{cite book|last=Fößel|first=Amalie|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=Judith M.|editor1-link=Judith M. Bennett|editor2-last=Karras|editor2-first=Ruth Mazo|editor2-link=Ruth Mazo Karras|title=The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe|orig-year=2013|year=2016|chapter=The Political Traditions of Female Rulership in Medieval Europe|pages=68–83|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-877938-4}} *{{cite book|last=Fried|first=Johannes|author-link=Johannes Fried|translator=Peter Lewis|orig-year=2009|year=2015|title=The Middle Ages|url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674055629|publisher=[[Harvard University Press|The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-05562-9}} *{{cite book|last1=Gies|first1=Frances|last2=Gies|first2=Joseph|year=1973|title=Life in a Medieval City|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/life-in-a-medieval-city-joseph-gies/1100616785|publisher=Apollo Editions|isbn=978-0-8152-0345-2}} *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Grant|year=1994|title=Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-43344-0}} *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Grant|year=2001|title=God and Reason in the Middle Ages|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-and-reason-in-the-middle-ages/42D9FCC561B218470C7415DAE06C26E7|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-80279-6}} *{{cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Antony|author-link=Antony Griffiths|year=1996|title=Prints and Printmaking: An Introduction to the History and Techniques|url=https://archive.org/details/printsprintmakin00grif/mode/2up|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-20714-1}} *{{cite book|last=Grzymała-Busse|first=Anna|author-link=Anna Grzymala|year=2023|title=Sacred Foundations: The Religious and Medieval Roots of the European State|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691245089/sacred-foundations|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-6912-4508-9}} *{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|orig-year=1986|year=2003|title=Religion in the Medieval West|edition=Second|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton|Arnold]]|isbn=978-0-340-80839-9}} *{{cite book|last=Hankins|first=James|author-link=James Hankins|editor-last=Hankins|editor-first=James|year=2001|title=Leonardo Bruni: History of the Florentine People|chapter=Introduction|pages=ix–xviii|series=[[The I Tatti Renaissance Library]]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofflorent00brun|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-00506-8}} *{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Stephen J.|editor1-last=Harris|editor1-first=Stephen J.|editor2-last=Grigsby|editor2-first=Bryon L.|year=2008|title=Misconceptions Abotu the Middle Ages|chapter=Introduction|pages=1–27|series=Routledge Studies in Medieval Religion and Culture|volume=7|url=https://www.routledge.com/Misconceptions-About-the-Middle-Ages/Harris-Grigsby/p/book/9780415871136|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-87113-6}} *{{cite book|last=Heather|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Heather|orig-year=2005|year=2006|title=The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-fall-of-the-roman-empire-9780195159547?q=Peter%20Heather%20The%20Fall%20of%20the%20Roman%20Empire&lang=en&cc=us|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-532541-6}} *{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=George|author-link=George D. S. Henderson|orig-year=1972|year=1993|title=Early Medieval|series=Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching|volume=29|url=https://utorontopress.com/9780802069849/early-medieval/|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=978-0-8020-6984-9}} *{{cite book|last=Heng|first=Geraldine|author-link=Geraldine Heng|year=2021|title=The Global Middle Ages|series=Elements in the Global Middle Ages|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/abs/global-middle-ages/8A93324E51AC2137A659ACD266A9165C|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-009-16116-9}} *{{cite book|last=Hoffmann|first=Richard C.|year=2014|title=An Environmental History of Medieval Europe|series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-environmental-history-of-medieval-europe/BC5AACBBD6500062F43F33FE15D539C5|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-70037-5}} *{{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=Catherine|last2=Standen|first2=Naomi|author2-link=Naomi Standen|date=November 2018|title=Introduction: Towards a Global Middle Ages|journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]]|volume=238|issue=suppl_13|pages=1–44|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/pastj/gty030|doi-access=free|issn=0031-2746}} *{{cite book|last=Hornby|first=A. S.|author-link=A. S. Hornby|editor1-last=Wehmeier|editor1-first=Sally|editor2-last=McIntosh|editor2-first=Colin|editor3-last=Turnbull|editor3-first=Joanna|editor4-last=Ashby|editor4-first=Michael|orig-year=1948|year=2005|title=[[Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary]]|edition=Seventh|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-431606-4}} *{{cite book|last=Ilardi|first=Vincent|year=2007|title=Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes|series=Memoires of the American Philosophical Society|volume=259|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_peIL7hVQUmwC|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|isbn=978-0-87169-259-7}} *{{cite book|last=James|first=Edward|author-link=Edward James (historian)|year=2009|title=Europe's Barbarians: AD 200–600|series=The Medieval World|url=https://www.routledge.com/Europes-Barbarians-AD-200-600/James/p/book/9780582772960|publisher=[[Pearson Longman]]|isbn=978-0-582-77296-0}} *{{cite book|last=Jordan|first=William Chester|author-link=William Chester Jordan|orig-year=2001|year=2002|title=Europe in the High Middle Ages|series=[[The Penguin History of Europe]]|volume=III|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/15538/europe-in-the-high-middle-ages-by-william-jordan/9780140166644|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-140-16664-4}} *{{cite book|last=Keen|first=Maurice|author-link=Maurice Keen|orig-year=1968|year=1976|title=The Pelican History of Medieval Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/pelicanhistoryof00keen|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-021085-9}} *{{cite book|last=Kitzinger|first=Ernst|author-link=Ernst Kitzinger|orig-year=1940|year=1969|title=Early Medieval Art in the British Museum|edition=Second|publisher=[[Trustees of the British Museum]]|sbn=7141-1327-1}} *{{cite book|last=Lasko|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Lasko|year=1972|title=Ars Sacra, 800–1200|series=The Pelican History of Art|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|sbn=14-056036-X}} *{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Alexander|editor-last=Lazzarini|editor-first=Isabella|editor-link=Isabella Lazzarini|title=The Later Middle Ages|year=2021|chapter=Culture and the Arts|pages=109–134|series=Short Oxford History of Europe|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-873163-4}} *{{cite book|last=Lightbown|first=Ronald W.|author-link=Ronald Lightbown|year=1978|title=Secular Goldsmiths' Work in Medieval France: A History|series=Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London|volume=36|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=978-0-500-99027-8}} *{{cite book|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|author-link=David C. Lindberg|editor1-last=Lindberg|editor1-first=David C.|editor2-last=Lindberg|editor2-first=David C.|editor2-link=Ronald Numbers|title=When Science and Christianity Meet|year=2003|chapter=The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor|pages=7–32|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo3635190.html|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-48214-9}} *{{cite book|last=Lock|first=Peter|year=2006|title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades|series=Routledge Companions to History|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-the-Crusades/Lock/p/book/9780415393126|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-39312-6}} *{{cite book|last=McCormick|first=Michael|orig-year=2001|year=2010|title=Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, AD 300–900|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/origins-of-the-european-economy/D876211E6D0F00483666CF2FBAE84550|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-66102-7}} *{{cite journal|last=Mommsen|first=Theodore E.|author-link=Theodor Ernst Mommsen|date=April 1942|title=Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'|journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]]|volume=17|issue=2|pages=226–242|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|jstor=2856364|doi=10.2307/2856364}} *{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Rosemary|author-link=Rosemary Morris (historian)|editor-last=Holmes|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Holmes (historian)|title=[[The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe]]|orig-year=1988|year=2001|chapter=Northern Europe Invades the Mediterranean, 900–1200|pages=175–234|series=Oxford Illustrated History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-285220-5}} *{{cite journal|last=Murray|first=Alexander|year=2004|title=Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished?|journal=Essays in Medieval Studies|volume=21|pages=1–22|publisher=[[West Virginia University Press]]|doi=10.1353/ems.2005.0010|issn= 1538-4608}} *{{cite book|last=Naismith|first=Rory|year=2023|title=Making Money in the Early Middle Ages|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691177403/making-money-in-the-early-middle-ages|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-17740-3}} *{{cite book|last=Nees|first=Lawrence|year=2002|title=Early Medieval Art|series=Oxford History of Art|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/early-medieval-art-9780192842435?q=Early%20Medieval%20Art&lang=en&cc=us|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-284243-5}} *{{cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|author-link=David Nicolle|year=1996|title=Medieval Warfare Source Book, Volume I: Warfare In Western Christendom|publisher=[[Arms and Armour Press]]|isbn=978-1-854-09236-6}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=Onions|editor1-first=C. T.|editor1-link=Charles Talbut Onions|editor2-last=Friedrichsen|editor2-first=G. W. S.|editor3-last=Burchfield|editor3-first=R. W.|editor3-link=Robert Burchfield|orig-year=1966|year=1994|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-861112-7}} *{{cite encyclopedia|last=Peters|first=Ted|author-link=Ted Peters (theologian)|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Lindsay|year=2005|title=Science and Religion|page=8182|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=Second|volume=12 (Transcendental meditation - Zwingli, Huldrych)|publisher=[[Macmillan Reference]]|isbn=978-0-02-865980-0}} *{{cite book|last=Power|first=Daniel|year=2006|title=The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320|series=The Short Oxford History of Europe|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-central-middle-ages-9780199253111?q=The%20Central%20Middle%20Ages&lang=en&cc=us|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-925312-8}} *{{cite book|last=Ramirez|first=Janina|author-link=Janina Ramirez|year=2022|title=Femina: A New History of the Middle Ages, Through the Women Written Out of It|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/442293/femina-by-ramirez-janina/9780753558263|publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.|WH Allen]]|isbn=978-0-7535-5957-4}} *{{cite book|last=Ringrose|first=Kathryn M.|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=Judith M.|editor1-link=Judith M. Bennett|editor2-last=Karras|editor2-first=Ruth Mazo|editor2-link=Ruth Mazo Karras|title=The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe|orig-year=2013|year=2016|chapter=The Byzantine Body|pages=362–378|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-877938-4}} *{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Miri|author-link=Miri Rubin|year=2014|title=The Middle Ages: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-middle-ages-a-very-short-introduction-9780199697298?prevNumResPerPage=20&prevSortField=2&resultsPerPage=20&sortField=2&type=listing&start=80&lang=en&cc=us|series=[[Very Short Introductions]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-969729-8}} *{{cite book|last=Russel|first=Jeffrey Burton|author-link=Jeffrey Burton Russell|year=1991|title=[[Inventing the Flat Earth|Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians]]|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-275-95904-3}} *{{cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|year=1994|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500|series=A History of East Central Europe|volume=III|url=https://uwapress.uw.edu/book/9780295972916/east-central-europe-in-the-middle-ages-1000-1500/|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|isbn=978-0-295-97290-9}} *{{cite book|last=Singman|first=Jeffrey L.|year=1999|title=Daily Life in Medieval Europe|series=Daily Life through History|url=https://search.library.ucla.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UCS_LAL:UCLA&search_scope=MyInstitution&tab=LibraryCatalog&docid=alma9941938313606533&lang=en&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=sub,exact,Middle%20Ages%20in%20literature%20--%20Congresses,AND&mode=advanced&offset=0|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-36076-3}} *{{cite book|last=Stalley|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Stalley|year=1999|title=Early Medieval Architecture|series=Oxford History of Art|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/early-medieval-architecture-9780192842237?q=Early%20Medieval%20Architecture&lang=en&cc=us|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-284223-7}} *{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=Robert|editor-last=Lazzarini|editor-first=Isabella|editor-link=Isabella Lazzarini|title=The Later Middle Ages|year=2021|chapter=The Church and Religious Life|pages=79–107|series=Short Oxford History of Europe|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-873163-4}} *{{cite book|last=Thomson|first=John A. F.|title=The Western Church in the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/westernchurchinm0000thom/mode/2up|year=1998|publisher=[[Hodder Headline|Arnold]]|isbn=978-0-340-60118-1}} *{{cite book|last=Vale|first=Malcolm|editor-last=Holmes|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Holmes (historian)|title=[[The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe]]|orig-year=1988|year=2001|chapter=The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200–1500|pages=297–351|series=Oxford Illustrated History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-285220-5}} *{{cite book|last=Watts|first=John|author-link=John Watts (historian)|orig-year=2009|year=2014|title=The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300–1500|series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-of-polities/1950FE163A58619D378E7D3712664CC0|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-79664-4}} *{{cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Wickham|year=2009|title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000|series=[[The Penguin History of Europe]]|volume=II|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/25880/the-inheritance-of-rome-by-chris-wickham/9780140290141|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-713-99429-2}} *{{cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|year=2016|title=Medieval Europe|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300228823/medieval-europe/|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-3002-0834-4}} {{refend}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page