Marriage

====Race====
[[File:US miscegenation.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|U.S States, by the date of repeal of anti-miscegenation laws:
{{legend|#d3d3d3|No laws passed}}
{{legend|#5b9e39|Repealed before 1887}}
{{legend|#f3ee66|Repealed between 1948 and 1967}}
{{legend|#cc2f2f|Overturned on 12 June 1967}}]]
{{Main|Interracial marriage}}
Laws banning "race-mixing" were enforced in certain North American jurisdictions from 1691<ref name="Frank W Sweet">{{Cite journal
 |url=http://www.backintyme.com/essay050101.htm
 |title=The Invention of the Color Line: 1691—Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule
 |author=Frank W Sweet
 |publisher=Backentyme Essays
 |date=1 January 2005
 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409160923/http://backintyme.com/essay050101.htm
 |archive-date=9 April 2007
}}</ref> until 1967, in [[Nazi Germany]] (the [[Nuremberg Laws]]) from 1935 until 1945, and in South Africa during most part of the [[apartheid]] era (1949–1985). All these laws primarily banned marriage between persons of different racially or ethnically defined groups, which was termed "amalgamation" or "miscegenation" in the U.S. The laws in Nazi Germany and many of the U.S. states, as well as South Africa, also banned sexual relations between such individuals.

In the United States, laws in some but not all of the states prohibited the marriage of whites and blacks, and in many states also the intermarriage of whites with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] or [[Asian Americans|Asians]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karthikeyan|first=Hrishi |author2=Chin, Gabriel|year=2002|title=Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910–1950|journal=Asian Law Journal|volume=9|issue=1|ssrn=283998}}</ref> In the U.S., such laws were known as [[anti-miscegenation laws]]. From 1913 until 1948, 30 out of the then 48 states enforced such laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovingday.org/map.htm|title=Where were Interracial Couples Illegal?|website=LovingDay|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231145639/http://www.lovingday.org/map.htm}}</ref> Although an "Anti-Miscegenation Amendment" to the [[United States Constitution]] was proposed in 1871, in 1912–1913, and in 1928,<ref>[http://lovingday.org/courtroom.htm "Courtroom History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231035205/http://www.lovingday.org/courtroom.htm |date=31 December 2007 }} Lovingday.org Retrieved 28 June 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stein|first=Edward|year=2004|title=Past and present proposed amendments to the United States constitution regarding marriage|journal=Washington University Law Quarterly|volume=82|issue=3|ssrn=576181}}</ref> no nationwide law against racially mixed marriages was ever enacted. In 1967, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] unanimously ruled in ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' that anti-miscegenation laws are [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]]. With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states that still had them.

The Nazi ban on interracial marriage and interracial sex was enacted in September 1935 as part of the [[Nuremberg Laws]], the ''Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre'' (The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour). The Nuremberg Laws classified [[Judaism|Jews]] as a race and forbade marriage and extramarital sexual relations at first with people of Jewish descent, but was later ended to the "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring" and people of "German or related blood".<ref name="Burleigh1991">{{cite book | author = Michael Burleigh | title = The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich | url-access = registration | date = 7 November 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-39802-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49 49]}}</ref> Such relations were marked as ''[[Rassenschande]]'' (lit. "race-disgrace") and could be punished by imprisonment (usually followed by deportation to a concentration camp) and even by death.

South Africa under apartheid also banned interracial marriage. The [[Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949]] prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the [[Immorality Act]] of 1950 made [[Miscegenation|sexual relations with a person of a different race]] a [[crime]].