History of Christianity

====Counter-reformation====
The Roman Catholic Church soon struck back, launching its own Counter-Reformation beginning with [[Pope Paul III]] (1534–1549), the first in a series of 10 reforming popes from 1534 to 1605.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|pp=329; 335}} A list of books detrimental to faith or morals was established, the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]], which included the works of Luther, Calvin and other Protestants along with writings condemned as obscene.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=335}} 
[[File:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 1.jpg|thumb|The Index Librorum Prohibitorum listed books forbidden by the Catholic Church.|alt=picture of first page of the list of forbidden books in Latin from its first publication]]
New monastic orders arose including the [[Jesuits]].{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=336}} Resembling a military company in its hierarchy, discipline, and obedience, their vow of loyalty to the Pope set them apart from other monastic orders, leading them to be called "the shock troops of the papacy". Jesuits soon became the Church's chief weapon against Protestantism.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=336}}

Monastic reform also led to the development of new, yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the [[Spanish mystics]] and the [[French school of spirituality]].{{sfn|MacCulloch|2004|p=404}}

The [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) denied each Protestant claim, and laid the foundation of Roman Catholic policies up to the twenty-first century.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|pp=336–337}} The Counter-Reformation also created the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate church]] which used Eastern liturgy but recognized Rome.{{sfn|Kenworthy|2008|pp=175-176}}