COVID-19

=== Genetic risk factors ===
[[Genetics]] plays an important role in the ability to fight off Covid.<ref name="pmid33888907">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Shelton JF, Shastri AJ, Ye C, Weldon CH, Filshtein-Sonmez T, Coker D, Symons A, Esparza-Gordillo J, Aslibekyan S, Auton A  | title = Trans-ancestry analysis reveals genetic and nongenetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 801–808 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 33888907 | doi = 10.1038/s41588-021-00854-7 | s2cid = 233372385 }}</ref> For instance, those that do not produce detectable [[type I interferon]]s or produce [[Autoantibody|auto-antibodies]] against these may get much sicker from COVID‑19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=One in Seven Dire COVID Cases May Result from a Faulty Immune Response|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/one-in-seven-dire-covid-cases-may-result-from-a-faulty-immune-response/|website=Scientific American|vauthors=Wallis C}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, Michailidis E, Hoffmann HH, Zhang Y, Dorgham K, Philippot Q, Rosain J, Béziat V, Manry J, Shaw E, Haljasmägi L, Peterson P, Lorenzo L, Bizien L, Trouillet-Assant S, Dobbs K, de Jesus AA, Belot A, Kallaste A, Catherinot E, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Le Pen J, Kerner G, Bigio B, Seeleuthner Y, Yang R, Bolze A, Spaan AN, Delmonte OM, Abers MS, Aiuti A, Casari G, Lampasona V, Piemonti L, Ciceri F, Bilguvar K, Lifton RP, Vasse M, Smadja DM, Migaud M, Hadjadj J, Terrier B, Duffy D, Quintana-Murci L, van de Beek D, Roussel L, Vinh DC, Tangye SG, Haerynck F, Dalmau D, Martinez-Picado J, Brodin P, Nussenzweig MC, Boisson-Dupuis S, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Vogt G, Mogensen TH, Oler AJ, Gu J, Burbelo PD, Cohen JI, Biondi A, Bettini LR, D'Angio M, Bonfanti P, Rossignol P, Mayaux J, Rieux-Laucat F, Husebye ES, Fusco F, Ursini MV, Imberti L, Sottini A, Paghera S, Quiros-Roldan E, Rossi C, Castagnoli R, Montagna D, Licari A, Marseglia GL, Duval X, Ghosn J, Tsang JS, Goldbach-Mansky R, Kisand K, Lionakis MS, Puel A, Zhang SY, Holland SM, Gorochov G, Jouanguy E, Rice CM, Cobat A, Notarangelo LD, Abel L, Su HC, Casanova JL  | title = Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19 | journal = Science | volume = 370 | issue = 6515 | pages = eabd4585 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32972996 | pmc = 7857397 | doi = 10.1126/science.abd4585 | s2cid = 221914095 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Genetic screening]] is able to detect interferon effector genes.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Fusco DN, Brisac C, John SP, Huang YW, Chin CR, Xie T, Zhao H, Jilg N, Zhang L, Chevaliez S, Wambua D, Lin W, Peng L, Chung RT, Brass AL  | title = A genetic screen identifies interferon-α effector genes required to suppress hepatitis C virus replication | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 144 | issue = 7 | pages = 1438–49, 1449.e1-9 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23462180 | pmc = 3665646 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.026 }}</ref> Some genetic variants are risk factors in specific populations. For instance, an [[allele]] of the [[DOCK2]] gene (dedicator of cytokinesis 2 gene) is a common risk factor in Asian populations but much less common in Europe. The mutation leads to lower expression of DOCK2 especially in younger patients with severe Covid.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Namkoong H, Edahiro R, Takano T, Nishihara H, Shirai Y, Sonehara K, Tanaka H, Azekawa S, Mikami Y, Lee H, Hasegawa T, Okudela K, Okuzaki D, Motooka D, Kanai M, Naito T, Yamamoto K, Wang QS, Saiki R, Ishihara R, Matsubara Y, Hamamoto J, Hayashi H, Yoshimura Y, Tachikawa N, Yanagita E, Hyugaji T, Shimizu E, Katayama K, Kato Y, Morita T, Takahashi K, Harada N, Naito T, Hiki M, Matsushita Y, Takagi H, Aoki R, Nakamura A, Harada S, Sasano H, Kabata H, Masaki K, Kamata H, Ikemura S, Chubachi S, Okamori S, Terai H, Morita A, Asakura T, Sasaki J, Morisaki H, Uwamino Y, Nanki K, Uchida S, Uno S, Nishimura T, Ishiguro T, Isono T, Shibata S, Matsui Y, Hosoda C, Takano K, Nishida T, Kobayashi Y, Takaku Y, Takayanagi N, Ueda S, Tada A, Miyawaki M, Yamamoto M, Yoshida E, Hayashi R, Nagasaka T, Arai S, Kaneko Y, Sasaki K, Tagaya E, Kawana M, Arimura K, Takahashi K, Anzai T, Ito S, Endo A, Uchimura Y, Miyazaki Y, Honda T, Tateishi T, Tohda S, Ichimura N, Sonobe K, Sassa CT, Nakajima J, Nakano Y, Nakajima Y, Anan R, Arai R, Kurihara Y, Harada Y, Nishio K, Ueda T, Azuma M, Saito R, Sado T, Miyazaki Y, Sato R, Haruta Y, Nagasaki T, Yasui Y, Hasegawa Y, Mutoh Y, Kimura T, Sato T, Takei R, Hagimoto S, Noguchi Y, Yamano Y, Sasano H, Ota S, Nakamori Y, Yoshiya K, Saito F, Yoshihara T, Wada D, Iwamura H, Kanayama S, Maruyama S, Yoshiyama T, Ohta K, Kokuto H, Ogata H, Tanaka Y, Arakawa K, Shimoda M, Osawa T, Tateno H, Hase I, Yoshida S, Suzuki S, Kawada M, Horinouchi H, Saito F, Mitamura K, Hagihara M, Ochi J, Uchida T, Baba R, Arai D, Ogura T, Takahashi H, Hagiwara S, Nagao G, Konishi S, Nakachi I, Murakami K, Yamada M, Sugiura H, Sano H, Matsumoto S, Kimura N, Ono Y, Baba H, Suzuki Y, Nakayama S, Masuzawa K, Namba S, Suzuki K, Naito Y, Liu YC, Takuwa A, Sugihara F, Wing JB, Sakakibara S, Hizawa N, Shiroyama T, Miyawaki S, Kawamura Y, Nakayama A, Matsuo H, Maeda Y, Nii T, Noda Y, Niitsu T, Adachi Y, Enomoto T, Amiya S, Hara R, Yamaguchi Y, Murakami T, Kuge T, Matsumoto K, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto M, Yoneda M, Kishikawa T, Yamada S, Kawabata S, Kijima N, Takagaki M, Sasa N, Ueno Y, Suzuki M, Takemoto N, Eguchi H, Fukusumi T, Imai T, Fukushima M, Kishima H, Inohara H, Tomono K, Kato K, Takahashi M, Matsuda F, Hirata H, Takeda Y, Koh H, Manabe T, Funatsu Y, Ito F, Fukui T, Shinozuka K, Kohashi S, Miyazaki M, Shoko T, Kojima M, Adachi T, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, Inoue T, Hirano T, Kobayashi K, Takaoka H, Watanabe K, Miyazawa N, Kimura Y, Sado R, Sugimoto H, Kamiya A, Kuwahara N, Fujiwara A, Matsunaga T, Sato Y, Okada T, Hirai Y, Kawashima H, Narita A, Niwa K, Sekikawa Y, Nishi K, Nishitsuji M, Tani M, Suzuki J, Nakatsumi H, Ogura T, Kitamura H, Hagiwara E, Murohashi K, Okabayashi H, Mochimaru T, Nukaga S, Satomi R, Oyamada Y, Mori N, Baba T, Fukui Y, Odate M, Mashimo S, Makino Y, Yagi K, Hashiguchi M, Kagyo J, Shiomi T, Fuke S, Saito H, Tsuchida T, Fujitani S, Takita M, Morikawa D, Yoshida T, Izumo T, Inomata M, Kuse N, Awano N, Tone M, Ito A, Nakamura Y, Hoshino K, Maruyama J, Ishikura H, Takata T, Odani T, Amishima M, Hattori T, Shichinohe Y, Kagaya T, Kita T, Ohta K, Sakagami S, Koshida K, Hayashi K, Shimizu T, Kozu Y, Hiranuma H, Gon Y, Izumi N, Nagata K, Ueda K, Taki R, Hanada S, Kawamura K, Ichikado K, Nishiyama K, Muranaka H, Nakamura K, Hashimoto N, Wakahara K, Sakamoto K, Omote N, Ando A, Kodama N, Kaneyama Y, Maeda S, Kuraki T, Matsumoto T, Yokote K, Nakada TA, Abe R, Oshima T, Shimada T, Harada M, Takahashi T, Ono H, Sakurai T, Shibusawa T, Kimizuka Y, Kawana A, Sano T, Watanabe C, Suematsu R, Sageshima H, Yoshifuji A, Ito K, Takahashi S, Ishioka K, Nakamura M, Masuda M, Wakabayashi A, Watanabe H, Ueda S, Nishikawa M, Chihara Y, Takeuchi M, Onoi K, Shinozuka J, Sueyoshi A, Nagasaki Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara S, Shimo M, Tokunaga Y, Kusaka Y, Ohba T, Isogai S, Ogawa A, Inoue T, Fukuyama S, Eriguchi Y, Yonekawa A, Kan-O K, Matsumoto K, Kanaoka K, Ihara S, Komuta K, Inoue Y, Chiba S, Yamagata K, Hiramatsu Y, Kai H, Asano K, Oguma T, Ito Y, Hashimoto S, Yamasaki M, Kasamatsu Y, Komase Y, Hida N, Tsuburai T, Oyama B, Takada M, Kanda H, Kitagawa Y, Fukuta T, Miyake T, Yoshida S, Ogura S, Abe S, Kono Y, Togashi Y, Takoi H, Kikuchi R, Ogawa S, Ogata T, Ishihara S, Kanehiro A, Ozaki S, Fuchimoto Y, Wada S, Fujimoto N, Nishiyama K, Terashima M, Beppu S, Yoshida K, Narumoto O, Nagai H, Ooshima N, Motegi M, Umeda A, Miyagawa K, Shimada H, Endo M, Ohira Y, Watanabe M, Inoue S, Igarashi A, Sato M, Sagara H, Tanaka A, Ohta S, Kimura T, Shibata Y, Tanino Y, Nikaido T, Minemura H, Sato Y, Yamada Y, Hashino T, Shinoki M, Iwagoe H, Takahashi H, Fujii K, Kishi H, Kanai M, Imamura T, Yamashita T, Yatomi M, Maeno T, Hayashi S, Takahashi M, Kuramochi M, Kamimaki I, Tominaga Y, Ishii T, Utsugi M, Ono A, Tanaka T, Kashiwada T, Fujita K, Saito Y, Seike M, Watanabe H, Matsuse H, Kodaka N, Nakano C, Oshio T, Hirouchi T, Makino S, Egi M, Omae Y, Nannya Y, Ueno T, Katayama K, Ai M, Fukui Y, Kumanogoh A, Sato T, Hasegawa N, Tokunaga K, Ishii M, Koike R, Kitagawa Y, Kimura A, Imoto S, Miyano S, Ogawa S, Kanai T, Fukunaga K, Okada Y  | title = DOCK2 is involved in the host genetics and biology of severe COVID-19 | journal = Nature | volume = 609 | issue = 7928 | pages = 754–760 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 35940203 | pmc = 9492544 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-05163-5 | bibcode = 2022Natur.609..754N }}</ref> In fact, many other genes and genetic variants have been found that determine the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Kousathanas A, Pairo-Castineira E, Rawlik K, Stuckey A, Odhams CA, Walker S, Russell CD, Malinauskas T, Wu Y, Millar J, Shen X, Elliott KS, Griffiths F, Oosthuyzen W, Morrice K, Keating S, Wang B, Rhodes D, Klaric L, Zechner M, Parkinson N, Siddiq A, Goddard P, Donovan S, Maslove D, Nichol A, Semple MG, Zainy T, Maleady-Crowe F, Todd L, Salehi S, Knight J, Elgar G, Chan G, Arumugam P, Patch C, Rendon A, Bentley D, Kingsley C, Kosmicki JA, Horowitz JE, Baras A, Abecasis GR, Ferreira MA, Justice A, Mirshahi T, Oetjens M, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, Verma A, Fowler TA, Shankar-Hari M, Summers C, Hinds C, Horby P, Ling L, McAuley D, Montgomery H, Openshaw PJ, Elliott P, Walsh T, Tenesa A, Fawkes A, Murphy L, Rowan K, Ponting CP, Vitart V, Wilson JF, Yang J, Bretherick AD, Scott RH, Hendry SC, Moutsianas L, Law A, Caulfield MJ, Baillie JK  | title = Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19 | journal = Nature | volume = 607 | issue = 7917 | pages = 97–103 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35255492 | pmc = 9259496 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-04576-6 }}</ref>