Feminism

=== Music ===
{{main| Women's music|Women in music}}
[[File:Billie Holiday, Downbeat, New York, N.Y., ca. Feb. 1947 (William P. Gottlieb 04251).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|American jazz singer and songwriter [[Billie Holiday]] in New York City in 1947]]
[[Women's music]] (or womyn's music or wimmin's music) is the music by [[Women in music|women]], for women, and about women.<ref name="NoSmPvtPty">{{cite book |last1=Lont |first1=Cynthia |chapter=Women's Music: No Longer a Small Private Party |editor1-first=Reebee |editor1-last=Garofalo |title=Rockin' the Boat: Mass Music & Mass Movements |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rockinboatmassmu00garof |chapter-url-access=registration |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=South End Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-89608-427-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rockinboatmassmu00garof/page/242 242]}}</ref> The genre emerged as a musical expression of the second-wave feminist movement<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1525/jams.2001.54.3.692 |title=Girls with guitars and other strange stories |year=2001 |last1=Peraino |first1=Judith A. |journal=[[Journal of the American Musicological Society]] |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=692–709 |url=http://business.highbeam.com/437059/article-1G1-86048837/girls-guitars-and-other-strange-stories|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108161237/http://business.highbeam.com/437059/article-1G1-86048837/girls-guitars-and-other-strange-stories|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> as well as the [[labour (economics)|labour]], [[civil rights]], and [[peace movement]]s.<ref name="RadHarmonies">{{cite AV media|title=[[Radical Harmonies]]|last=Mosbacher|first=Dee|publisher=Woman Vision|year=2002|author-link=Dee Mosbacher|location=San Francisco, CA|oclc=53071762}}</ref> The movement was started by lesbians such as [[Cris Williamson]], [[Meg Christian]], and [[Margie Adam]], African-American women activists such as [[Bernice Johnson Reagon]] and her group [[Sweet Honey in the Rock]], and peace activist [[Holly Near]].<ref name="RadHarmonies" /> Women's music also refers to the wider industry of women's music that goes beyond the performing artists to include [[studio musicians]], [[record producer|producers]], [[sound engineer]]s, [[technician]]s, cover artists, distributors, [[promoter (entertainment)|promoters]], and festival organizers who are also women.<ref name="NoSmPvtPty" />
[[Riot grrrl]] is an [[underground music|underground]] feminist [[hardcore punk]] movement described in the [[#Cultural movements|cultural movements]] section of this article.

Feminism became a principal concern of [[Musicology|musicologists]] in the 1980s<ref name="mus">Beard, David; Gload, Kenneth. 2005. ''Musicology: The Key Concepts''. London and New York: Routledge.</ref> as part of the [[New Musicology]]. Prior to this, in the 1970s, musicologists were beginning to discover women composers and performers, and had begun to review concepts of [[Western canon|canon]], genius, genre and periodization from a feminist perspective. In other words, the question of how women musicians fit into traditional music history was now being asked.<ref name=mus/> Through the 1980s and 1990s, this trend continued as musicologists like [[Susan McClary]], [[Marcia Citron]] and Ruth Solie began to consider the cultural reasons for the marginalizing of women from the received body of work. Concepts such as music as gendered discourse; professionalism; reception of women's music; examination of the sites of music production; relative wealth and education of women; popular music studies in relation to women's identity; patriarchal ideas in music analysis; and notions of gender and difference are among the themes examined during this time.<ref name=mus/>

While the [[music industry]] has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, women are much less likely to have positions of authority, such as being the [[Conducting|leader of an orchestra]].<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/feb/28/why-male-domination-of-classical-music-might-end |title=Why the male domination of classical music might be coming to an end|first=Jessica |last=Duchen |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 February 2015}}</ref> In popular music, while there are many women singers recording songs, there are very few women behind the [[Audio mixer|audio console]] acting as [[Record producer#Women in producing|music producers]], the individuals who direct and manage the recording process.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rosina |last=Ncube |title=Sounding Off: Why So Few Women in Audio? |website=Sound on Sound |date=September 2013 |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/people/sounding-why-so-few-women-audio}}</ref>
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