Crucifixion of Jesus

==In art, symbolism and devotions==
{{Main|Crucifixion in the arts}}
[[File:Detalle crucificado Luján Pérez, 1793.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Detail of the countenance of Christ just dead, by José Luján Pérez, 1793, [[Las Palmas Cathedral]]]]
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Since the crucifixion of Jesus, the cross has become a key element of [[Christian symbolism]], and the crucifixion scene has been a key element of [[Christian art]], giving rise to specific artistic themes such as [[Christ Carrying the Cross]], [[raising of the Cross]], [[Stabat Mater (art)|Stabat Mater]], [[Descent from the Cross]] and [[Lamentation of Christ]].

The [[Christian symbolism#Cross and crucifix|symbolism of the cross]] which is today one of the most widely recognized Christian symbols was used from the earliest Christian times. [[Justin Martyr]], who died in 165, describes it in a way that already implies its use as a symbol, although the [[crucifix]] appeared later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14373b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Symbolism|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=April 2, 2022|archive-date=October 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006073037/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14373b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07664a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Veneration of Images|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=April 2, 2022|archive-date=April 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419151209/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07664a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Devotions based on the process of crucifixion, and the sufferings of Jesus are followed by various Christians. The [[Stations of the Cross]] follows a number of stages based on the stages involved in the crucifixion of Jesus, while the [[Rosary of the Holy Wounds]] is used to meditate on the wounds of Jesus as part of the crucifixion.

Masters such as [[Giotto]], [[Fra Angelico]], [[Masaccio]], [[Raphael]], [[Botticelli]], [[van Dyck]], [[Titian]], [[Caravaggio]], [[El Greco]], [[Zurbarán]], [[Velázquez]], [[Rubens]] and [[Rembrandt]] have all depicted the [[Commons:Category:Paintings of crucifixion|crucifixion scene]] in their works. The ''[[Crucifixion, seen from the Cross (James Tissot)|Crucifixion, seen from the Cross]]'' by [[James Tissot|Tissot]] presented a novel approach at the end of the 19th century, in which the crucifixion scene was portrayed from the perspective of Jesus.<ref>''James Tissot: the Life of Christ'' by Judith F. Dolkart 2009 {{ISBN|1-85894-496-1}} p. 201</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern Art and the Death of a Culture|first=H. R.|last=Rookmaaker|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernartdeathof00rook/page/73 73]|publisher=Crossway Books|year=1970|isbn=0-89107-799-5|url=https://archive.org/details/modernartdeathof00rook/page/73}}</ref>

The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross, mentioned in the Gospel of John,<ref>{{bibleverse|Jn.|19:26–27}}</ref> has in itself been the subject of [[Roman Catholic Marian art|Marian art]], and well known Catholic symbolism such as the [[Miraculous Medal]] and [[Pope John Paul II]]'s Coat of Arms bearing a [[Marian Cross]]. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm3.htm |title=Mary was United to Jesus on the Cross |publisher=EWTN |date=November 1, 1995 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705225740/http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19881123en.html |title=Vatican website on 'Behold Your Mother!' |access-date=February 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517005051/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19881123en.html |archive-date=May 17, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Well known works of Christian art by masters such as [[Raphael]] (the ''[[Mond Crucifixion]]''), and [[Caravaggio]] (''[[The Entombment of Christ (Caravaggio)|The Entombment of Christ]]'') depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.

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File:14th-century fresco of Jesus Christ bearing the cross, Visoki Dečani, Kosovo.jpg|''Carrying the Cross'' [[fresco]], [[Decani monastery]], [[Kosovo]], 14th century
File:MCB icon3.jpg|[[Byzantine art|Orthodox]] Crucifixion icon, [[Athens, Greece]]
File:Miguel Angel Crucifixion La Redonda Logrono Spain.jpg| ''Crucifixion of Christ'', [[Michelangelo]], 1540
File:De kruisiging.jpg|alt=Print of the Crucifixion, made at the end of the 16th century|Print of [[Albrecht Dürer]]'s ''Die Kreuzigung'' (1508), printed at the end of the 16th century<ref>{{Cite web|title=De Kruisiging|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:B4D16A3C-15CD-11E9-954B-23312282636C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2876,-181,8131,3613|access-date=2020-09-28|website=lib.ugent.be|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017140700/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:B4D16A3C-15CD-11E9-954B-23312282636C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2876,-181,8131,3613|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Paolo Veronese 010.jpg|''Calvary'' by [[Paolo Veronese]], 16th century
File:History of the Kings (f.38) the Crucifixion of Christ.jpg|From a 14th–15th century [[Welsh language|Welsh]] Manuscript
File:Jesus Tkors Ytterselo01.gif|Crucified Jesus at the {{ill|Ytterselö church|sv|Ytterselö kyrka}}, Sweden. Ca. 1500
File:Santíssimo Cristo 02.jpg|''[[Cristo de La Laguna]]'', [[Flanders|Flemish]]-Brabanzon origin, 1510–14. [[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]], [[Spain]]
File:Peter Paul Rubens - Descent from the cross (1617).jpg|''Descent from the Cross'', [[Rubens]] (1616–17)
File:Raffaello, pala baglioni, deposizione.jpg|''Descent from the Cross'', [[Raphael]], 1507
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