United States

=== Literature ===
{{Main|American literature|American philosophy}}
{{see also|List of American novelists}}
[[File:Mark Twain by AF Bradley.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mark Twain]], who [[William Faulkner]] called "the father of [[American literature]]"<ref name="faulkner">{{cite book |last=Jelliffe |first=Robert A. |title=Faulkner at Nagano |year=1956 |publisher=Kenkyusha, Ltd |location=Tokyo}}</ref>|alt=Photograph of Mark Twain]]

Colonial American authors were influenced by [[John Locke]] and various other Enlightenment philosophers.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=157-159}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994a|pp=503-509}} Before and shortly after the Revolutionary War, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|p=163}}<ref>Mulford, Carla. [https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof00v1unse_e3d7/page/705/mode/1up "Enlightenment Voices, Revolutionary Visions."] In {{harvnb|Lauter|1994a|pp=705–707}}.</ref> Led by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Margaret Fuller]] in New England,{{sfn|Lauter|1994a|pp=1228-1229}} [[transcendentalism]] branched from [[Unitarianism]] as the first major [[American philosophy|American philosophical movement]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Finseth|first1=Ian Frederick|title=The Emergence of Transcendentalism|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html|website= American Studies @ The University of Virginia|publisher=[[The University of Virginia]]|access-date=9 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html |archive-date=18 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=Coviello>{{cite book |last=Coviello |first=Peter |chapter=Transcendentalism |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2005 |via=Oxford Reference Online |access-date=23 October 2011 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195156539.001.0001/acref-9780195156539-e-0294?rskey=lw57LH&result=1 |isbn=9780195307726}}</ref> During the nineteenth-century [[American Renaissance (literature)|American Renaissance]], writers like [[Walt Whitman]] and [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] established a distinctive American literary tradition.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=444-447}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994a|pp=1228, 1233, 1260}} As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=1269-1270}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994b|pp=8-10}} [[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]], [[American literary regionalism|regionalism]], and [[Literary realism#UnitedStates|realism]]&mdash;the latter associated with [[Mark Twain]]&mdash;were the major literary movements of the period.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=1271-1273}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994b|p=12}}

While [[Literary modernism|modernism]] generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=1850-1851}} Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black [[West Indian Americans|West Indian]] authors of the [[Harlem Renaissance]] developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the [[Jazz Age]], these writings were a key influence on the [[négritude]] philosophy.<ref>[[Hortense Spillers|Spillers, Hortense]]. [https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/1579 "The New Negro Renaissance."] In {{harvnb|Lauter|1994b|pp=1579–1585}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philipson |first=Robert |title=The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon |journal=African American Review |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=145–160 |jstor=40027037}}</ref> In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the [[Great American Novel]],{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=2260-2261}} while the [[Beat Generation]] rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the [[spoken word]] over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|p=2262}}<ref>{{harvnb|Lauter|1994b|pp=1975–1977}}. "[https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/1972 Literature of the Cold War]".</ref> Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious [[Experimental literature|experiments with language]].{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=2266-2267}}
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