Protestantism

==Interdenominational movements==
[[Image:Messiah Cathedral in Night.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|An [[Indonesian Reformed Evangelical Church]] [[megachurch]]]]
There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. [[Evangelicalism]] is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Catholic Church, such as does it the [[Charismatic Movement]], which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to [[Pentecostals]] into the various branches of Christianity. [[Neo-charismatic churches]] are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Both are put under a common label of [[Charismatic Christianity]] (so-called ''Renewalists''), along with Pentecostals. [[Nondenominational Christianity|Nondenominational churches]] and various [[house church]]es often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

[[Megachurch]]es are usually influenced by interdenominational movements. Globally, these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant Christianity. In the United States, the phenomenon has more than quadrupled in the past two decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=tflynn_26_5|title=Redirect|website=www.secularhumanism.org|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-date=19 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619065320/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=tflynn_26_5|url-status=live}}</ref> It has since spread worldwide.

The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism.

[[File:Interdenominational movements & other Protestant developments.svg|thumb|upright=2.95|center|Links between interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism]]

===Evangelicalism===
{{Main|Evangelicalism}}
Evangelicalism, or evangelical Protestantism,{{efn|Primarily in the United States, where Protestants are usually placed in one of two categories—[[Mainline Protestant|Mainline]] or Evangelical.}} is a worldwide, transdenominational movement which maintains that the essence of [[the gospel]] consists in the doctrine of salvation by [[Grace in Christianity|grace]] through [[Faith in Christianity|faith]] in [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]'s [[atonement in Christianity|atonement]].<ref name=Oxf>{{cite book|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary | year=1978| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.operationworld.org/glossary | title=Operation World | access-date=4 June 2015 | archive-date=18 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118153156/http://operationworld.org/glossary | url-status=live }}</ref>

Evangelicals are [[Christians]] who believe in the centrality of the conversion or [[Born again (Christianity)|"born again" experience]] in receiving salvation, believe in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity and have a strong commitment to evangelism or sharing the Christian message.

It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of [[Methodism]] and the [[Great Awakenings]] in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English [[Methodist]] movement, [[Nicolaus Zinzendorf]], the [[Moravian Church]], [[Lutheran]] [[pietism]], [[Presbyterianism]] and [[Puritanism]].<ref name="Christianity report"/> Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were [[John Wesley]], [[George Whitefield]], [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]], [[Billy Graham]], [[Harold John Ockenga]], [[John Stott]] and [[Martyn Lloyd-Jones]].

There are an estimated 285,480,000 Evangelicals, corresponding to 13% of the [[Christianity by country|Christian population]] and 4% of the [[World population|total world population]]. The Americas, Africa and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals. The United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals.<ref name="How Many Evangelicals Are There">{{Citation | title=How Many Evangelicals Are There? | url=http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/How-Many-Are-There/ | publisher=Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals | place=Wheaton College | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130062242/http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/How-Many-Are-There | archive-date=30 January 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> Evangelicalism is gaining popularity both in and outside the English-speaking world, especially in Latin America and the [[developing world]].
<gallery>
File:Wilberforce john rising.jpg|[[William Wilberforce]], a British evangelical abolitionist
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 194-0798-29, Düsseldorf, Veranstaltung mit Billy Graham.jpg|[[Billy Graham]], a prominent evangelical revivalist, preaching in [[Duisburg|Duisburg, Germany]] in 1954
File:Église Nouvelle Vie culte.jpg|Worship service at [[Église Nouvelle vie]], an evangelical [[Pentacostalism|Pentecostal]] church in [[Longueuil]], Canada
File:Hämeenlinnan Vapaaseurakunta.jpg|An Evangelical Protestant church in [[Hämeenlinna]], Finland
</gallery>

===Charismatic movement===
{{Main|Charismatic movement}}
[[File:Hillsong Church Konstanz 2018.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Hillsong Church, an evangelical charismatic church, in [[Konstanz]], Germany]]
The Charismatic movement is the international trend of historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]]. Fundamental to the movement is the use of [[spiritual gift]]s. Among Protestants, the movement began around 1960.

In the United States, Episcopalian [[Dennis Bennett (priest)|Dennis Bennett]] is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence.<ref>{{Citation | first = Randall | last = Balmer | title = Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and Expanded Edition | edition = 2nd | place = Waco | publisher = Baylor | year = 2004 | contribution = Charismatic Movement}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Colin Urquhart]], [[Michael Harper (priest)|Michael Harper]], [[David Watson (evangelist)|David Watson]] and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The [[Massey University|Massey]] conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the ''Life in the Spirit'' seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include [[Bill Subritzky]].

Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in [[San Pedro, California]], did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in [[Minneapolis]]. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. [[Richard A. Jensen]]'s ''Touched by the Spirit'' published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally [[Calvinist]] or [[Reformed theology]] there are differing views regarding present-day [[continuationism|continuation]] or [[cessationism|cessation]] of the gifts (''{{lang|la|charismata}}'') of the Spirit.<ref name="phen">{{Cite book | last1 = Masters | first1 = Peter | last2 = Whitcomb | first2 = John | title = Charismatic Phenomenon| publisher = Wakeman | location = London | page = [https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/113 113] | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-1870855013 | url = https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/113}}</ref><ref name="epidemic">{{Cite book | last1 = Masters | first1 = Peter | last2 = Wright | first2= Professor Verna| title = Healing Epidemic | publisher = Wakeman Trust | location = London| page = 227 | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-1870855006}}</ref> Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as [[Word of Faith]], [[Toronto Blessing]], [[Brownsville Revival]] and [[Lakeland Revival]]. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the [[Sovereign Grace Churches]] and the [[Every Nation]] Churches in the US, in Great Britain there is the [[Newfrontiers]] churches and movement, which leading figure is [[Terry Virgo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tateville.com/churches.html |title=Reformed and Presbyterian Denominations: A Primer |date=15 February 2014 |website=Tateville  |access-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183209/http://www.tateville.com/churches.html |archive-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

A minority of [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more [[Progressive Adventism|"progressive" Adventist beliefs]]. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace.<ref>{{cite web| last = Patrick| first = Arthur| author-link = Arthur Patrick| title = Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives| website = Spiritual Discernment Conference| publisher = SDAnet AtIssue| date =  25 October 1999 | url = http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm| access-date = 15 February 2008| archive-date = 7 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181007140636/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Patrick| first = Arthur| author-link = Arthur Patrick| title = Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives| website = Spiritual Discernment Conference| publisher = SDAnet AtIssue| date = 27 August 1999 | url = http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm| access-date = 15 February 2008| archive-date = 11 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181011052704/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Neo-charismatic churches===
{{Main|Neo-charismatic churches}}
Neo-charismatic churches are a category of churches in the Christian [[Renewal (religion)|Renewal]] movement. Neo-charismatics include the [[Third Wave of the Holy Spirit|Third Wave]], but are broader. Now more numerous than Pentecostals (first wave) and charismatics (second wave) combined, owing to the remarkable growth of [[postdenominational churches|postdenominational]] and independent charismatic groups.<ref name = NIDPCM>{{Citation | editor1-first = Stanley M | editor1-last = Burgess | editor2-first = Eduard M | editor2-last = van der Maas | title = The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements | place = Grand Rapids | publisher = Zondervan | year = 2002 | contribution = Neocharismatics| title-link = The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements}}</ref>

Neo-charismatics believe in and stress the post-Biblical availability of [[gifts of the Holy Spirit]], including [[glossolalia]], healing, and prophecy. They practice laying on of hands and seek the "infilling" of the [[Holy Spirit]]. However, a specific experience of [[baptism with the Holy Spirit]] may not be requisite for experiencing such gifts. No single form, governmental structure, or style of church service characterizes all neo-charismatic services and churches.

Some nineteen thousand denominations, with approximately 295&nbsp;million individual adherents, are identified as neo-charismatic.<ref>{{Citation | editor1-first = Stanley M | editor1-last = Burgess | editor2-first = Eduard M | editor2-last = van der Maas | title = The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements | place = Grand Rapids | publisher = Zondervan | year = 2002 | pages = 286–287}}</ref>