Prohibition

====United States====
{{Main|Prohibition in the United States}}
[[File:Woman's Christian Temperance Union Cartoon.jpg|thumb|This 1902 illustration from the ''Hawaiian Gazette'' shows the [[Anti-Saloon League]] and the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]]'s campaign against beer brewers. The [[Water cure (torture)|"water cure"]] was a form of torture that was in the news because of its use in the Philippines.]]
Prohibition in the United States focused on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages;  exceptions were made for medicinal and religious uses. Alcohol consumption was never illegal under federal law. Nationwide Prohibition did not begin in the United States until January 1920, when the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] went into effect. The 18th amendment was ratified in 1919, and was repealed in December 1933 with the ratification of the [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment]].<ref>{{cite book | first = Lisa | last = McGirr | title = The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State | year = 2015 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | isbn = 978-0393066951}}</ref>

Concern over excessive alcohol consumption began during the American colonial era, when fines were imposed for drunken behavior and for selling liquor without a license.<ref name=AlcoholProhibition>{{cite web | title =History of Alcohol Prohibition | publisher =Schaffer Library of Drug Policy | url =http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/nc/nc2a.htm | access-date = November 8, 2013}}</ref> In the mid-19th century evangelical Protestants denounced drinking as sinful and demanded the prohibition of the sale of beer, wine and liquor. Apart from Maine, they had limited success until the early 20th century. By the 1840s the [[Temperance movement in the United States|temperance movement]] was actively encouraging individuals to immediately stop drinking. However, the issue of [[Abolitionism in the United States|slavery]], and then the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], overshadowed the temperance movement until the 1870s.<ref> Lisa McGirr, ''The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State'' (2015) pp 8-12.</ref>

Prohibition was a major reform movement from the 1870s until the 1920s, when nationwide prohibition went into effect. It was supported by evangelical Protestant churches, especially the [[Methodism|Methodists]], [[Baptists]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)|Disciples of Christ]],  [[Congregational church|Congregationalists]], Quakers, and Scandinavian Lutherans. Opposition came from Catholics, Episcopalians, and German Lutherans.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jason S. | last = Lantzer|title=Interpreting the Prohibition Era at Museums and Historic Sites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTKaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, Maryland |pages=32–36| isbn = 9780759124332}}</ref> The [[Women's Crusade]] of 1873 and the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU), founded in 1874,<ref name=AlcoholProhibition/> were means through which certain women organized and demanded political action, well before they were granted the vote.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Christian Temperance Movement|url=https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/roots-of-prohibition/|website=Prohibition: Roots of Prohibition|publisher=PBS|access-date=December 4, 2014}}</ref> The WCTU and the [[Prohibition Party]] were major players until the 20th century, when the [[Anti-Saloon League]] emerged as the movement's leader. By 1913, 9 states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local option laws in effect. The League then turned their efforts toward attaining a constitutional amendment and grassroots support for nationwide prohibition.<ref name=AlcoholProhibition/> The [[German American]] community was the base of the beer industry and became a pariah when the U.S. declared war on Germany in 1917. A new constitutional amendment passed Congress in December 1917 and was ratified by the states in 1919.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prohibition wins in Senate, 47 to 8 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/12/19/96281151.pdf |date=December 19, 1917 |page=6 |access-date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> It prohibited "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof."<ref>{{cite web| title =Constitution of the United States, Amendments 11–27: Amendment XVIII, Section 1 | publisher =The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html | access-date = November 8, 2013}}</ref> On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, known as the [[Volstead Act]], to implement the new 18th Amendment.<ref>{{cite web | first =David J. | last = Hanson | title = Volstead Act (National Prohibition Act of 1919) | work = Alcohol Problems and Solutions | publisher =State University of New York, Potsdam | date = 2015-12-02| url =https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/volstead-act-national-prohibition-act-of-1919/ | access-date = January 24, 2019}}</ref> After a year's required delay, national prohibition began on January 16, 1920.<ref name=AlcoholProhibition/>

[[File:Prohibition prescription front.jpg|thumb|right|Prescription form for medicinal liquor]]
Initially, alcohol consumption nosedived to about 30% of its pre-Prohibition levels, but within a few years, the illicit market grew to roughly two-thirds.<ref>{{citation | url = https://www.nber.org/papers/w3675 | title = Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition (NBER Working Paper No. 3675 (Also Reprint No. r1563)) | first1 = Jeffrey A. | last1 = Miron | first2 = Jeffrey | last2 = Zwiebel | date = April 1991 | publisher = The National Bureau of Economic Research | quote = We estimate the consumption of alcohol during Prohibition using mortality, mental health and crime statistics. We find that alcohol consumption fell sharply at the beginning of Prohibition, to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level. During the next several years, however, alcohol consumption increased sharply, to about 60–70 percent of its pre-prohibition level. The level of consumption was virtually the same immediately after Prohibition as during the latter part of Prohibition, although consumption increased to approximately its pre-Prohibition level during the subsequent decade. | access-date = 7 January 2019| doi = 10.3386/w3675 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Illegal [[still]]s flourished in remote rural areas as well as city slums, and large quantities were smuggled from Canada.  [[Rum-running|Bootlegging]] became a major business activity for organized crime groups, under leaders such as [[Al Capone]] in [[Chicago]] and [[Lucky Luciano]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://prohibition.themobmuseum.org/the-history/the-rise-of-organized-crime/the-mob-during-prohibition/ | title = Prohibition Profits Transformed the Mob | work = Prohibition, An Interactive History | publisher = The Mob Museum | access-date = January 24, 2019}}</ref>

Prohibition lost support during the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], from 1929.<ref>{{cite book | first = David E. | last = Kyvig | title = Repealing National Prohibition | edition = 2nd | year = 2000 | publisher = The Kent State University Press | isbn = 0-87338-672-8 | at = Chapter 8}}</ref> The repeal movement was initiated and financed by the [[Association Against the Prohibition Amendment]], and [[Pauline Sabin]], a wealthy Republican, founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR).<ref name="Pegram-1998">{{cite book| first=Thomas R.| last=Pegram| title=Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800–1933| publisher=Ivan R. Dee| series=American Ways| year=1998| location=Chicago| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781566632096| isbn=978-1566632089| url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Miron-2001">{{cite encyclopedia|first= Jeffrey A. | last = Miron |title=Alcohol Prohibition| encyclopedia=EH.Net Encyclopedia | publisher = Economic History Association | editor-first = Robert | editor-last = Whaples| date=September 24, 2001| url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/alcohol-prohibition/|access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> [[Repeal of Prohibition in the United States]] was accomplished with the ratification of the [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment]] on December 5, 1933. Under its terms, states were allowed to set their own laws for the control of alcohol.<ref name="Pegram-1998"/><ref name="Miron-2001"/>

Between 1832 and 1953, federal legislation prohibited the sale of [[Alcohol and Native Americans|alcohol to Native Americans]], with very limited success. After 1953, Native American communities and [[Indian reservation|reservations]] were permitted to pass their own [[local ordinance]]s governing the sale of alcoholic beverages.<ref name = "Martin">{{cite journal| url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2432| title = Martin, Jill E., "The Greatest Evil:" Interpretations Of Indian Prohibition Laws, 1832–1953" (2003). ''Great Plains Quarterly,'' 2432.| journal = Great Plains Quarterly| date = January 2003| last1 = Martin| first1 = Jill}}</ref>

In the 21st century, there are still counties and parishes within the United States known as "[[Dry county|dry]]," where the sale of alcohol is prohibited or restricted.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://archives.starhq.com/html/localnews/1104/110304drink.html | title = Drink up 'Betsy | first = Lesley | last = Hughes | date = November 3, 2004 | work = Elizabethton Star | location = Elizabethton, Tennessee | access-date = June 9, 2017 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220220233/http://archives.starhq.com/html/localnews/1104/110304drink.html | archive-date = December 20, 2016}}</ref>