Ebola

==Epidemiology==
{{For|more about specific outbreaks|List of Ebola outbreaks}}

The disease typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> From 1976 (when it was first identified) through 2013, the WHO reported 2,387 confirmed cases with 1,590 overall fatalities.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="MMWRJune2014" /> The largest outbreak to date was the [[Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa]], which caused a large number of deaths in [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], and [[Liberia]].<ref name="CDC2014" /><ref name="CDCAug2014N" />

===1976===
====Sudan====
[[File:Cotton Factory in Nzara, South Sudan.jpg|thumb|Cotton factory in Nzara, South Sudan, where the first outbreak occurred]]

The first known outbreak of EVD was identified only after the fact. It occurred between June and November 1976, in [[Nzara, South Sudan]]<ref name="Hoenen2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoenen T, Groseth A, Feldmann H |date=July 2012 |title=Current Ebola vaccines |journal=Expert Opin Biol Ther |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=859–872 |doi=10.1517/14712598.2012.685152 |pmc=3422127 |pmid=22559078}}</ref><ref name="Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN 2004 40–47">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN |year=2004 |title=Ecologic and Geographic Distribution of Filovirus Disease |journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis. |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |doi=10.3201/eid1001.030125 |pmc=3322747 |pmid=15078595}}</ref> (then part of [[Sudan]]), and was caused by [[Sudan virus]] (SUDV). The Sudan outbreak infected 284 people and killed 151. The first identifiable case in Sudan occurred on 27 June in a storekeeper in a cotton factory in [[Nzara]], who was hospitalised on 30 June and died on 6 July.<ref name="Feldmann2011" /><ref name="who's first encounter">{{Cite web |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_247-270.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013194802/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_247-270.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref> Although the WHO medical staff involved in the Sudan outbreak knew that they were dealing with a heretofore unknown disease, the actual "positive identification" process and the naming of the virus did not occur until some months later in [[Zaire]].<ref name="who's first encounter" />

====Zaire====
{{main|1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak}}
[[File:CDC worker incinerates med-waste from Ebola patients in Zaire.jpg|thumb|upright|A CDC worker incinerates medical waste from Ebola patients in Zaire in 1976.]]

On 26 August 1976, the second outbreak of EVD began in [[Yambuku]], a small rural village in [[Mongala District]] in northern [[Zaire]] (now known as the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]).<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Hewlett B, Hewlett B |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aboFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=Ebola, Culture and Politics: The Anthropology of an Emerging Disease |date=2007 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1111797317 |page=103 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Feldmann2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feldmann H, Jones S, Klenk HD, Schnittler HJ |date=August 2003 |title=Ebola virus: from discovery to vaccine |journal=Nature Reviews Immunology |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=677–685 |doi=10.1038/nri1154 |pmid=12974482 |s2cid=27486878|doi-access=free }}</ref> This outbreak was caused by EBOV, formerly designated ''Zaire ebolavirus'', a different member of the [[genus]] ''Ebolavirus'' than in the first Sudan outbreak. The [[index case|first person infected with the disease]] was the village school's headmaster [[Mabalo Lokela]], who began displaying symptoms on 26 August 1976.<ref name="whqlibdoc.who.int">{{Cite journal |last=Report of an International Commission |year=1978 |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_271-293.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Bull. World Health Organ. |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=271–293 |pmc=2395567 |pmid=307456 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808213715/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56%282%29_271-293.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref> Lokela had returned from a trip to Northern Zaire near the border of the [[Central African Republic]], after visiting the [[Ebola River]] between 12 and 22 August. He was originally believed to have [[malaria]] and was given [[quinine]]. However, his symptoms continued to worsen, and he was admitted to Yambuku Mission Hospital on 5 September. Lokela died on 8 September 14 days after he began displaying symptoms.<ref name="urlOutbreak of Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Zaire, 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) |year=1995 |title=Outbreak of Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Zaire, 1995 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00037078.htm |url-status=live |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=44 |issue=19 |pages=381–382 |pmid=7739512 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191457/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00037078.htm |archive-date=25 June 2017 }}</ref><ref name="urlMabalo Lokela Archives – Political Moll">{{Cite web | vauthors = Elezra M |title=Ebola: The Truth Behind The Outbreak (Video) l |url=http://politicalmoll.com/tag/mabalo-lokela/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712140500/http://politicalmoll.com/tag/mabalo-lokela/ |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=18 October 2014 |website=Mabalo Lokela Archives – Political Mol}}</ref>

Soon after Lokela's death, others who had been in contact with him also died, and people in Yambuku began to panic. The country's Minister of Health and Zaire President [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] declared the entire region, including Yambuku and the country's capital, [[Kinshasa]], a quarantine zone. No-one was permitted to enter or leave the area, and roads, waterways, and airfields were placed under [[martial law]]. Schools, businesses and social organisations were closed.<ref name="Stimola">{{Cite book | vauthors = Stimola A |url=https://archive.org/details/ebola0000stim/page/31 |title=Ebola |publisher=Rosen Pub. |year=2011 |isbn=978-1435894334 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ebola0000stim/page/31 31, 52] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The initial response was led by Congolese doctors, including [[Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum]], one of the discoverers of Ebola. Muyembe took a blood sample from a Belgian nun; this sample would eventually be used by [[Peter Piot]] to identify the previously unknown Ebola virus.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This Congolese Doctor Discovered Ebola But Never Got Credit For It – Until Now |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/11/04/774863495/this-congolese-doctor-discovered-ebola-but-never-got-credit-for-it-until-now |access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> Muyembe was also the first scientist to come into direct contact with the disease and survive.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = McNeish H |date=24 March 2017 |title=He Treated The Very First Ebola Cases 40 Years Ago. Then He Watched The World Forget. |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ebola-neglected-tropical-diseases_n_58d2ac02e4b0f838c62e9e0d |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> Researchers from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), including Piot, co-discoverer of Ebola, later arrived to assess the effects of the outbreak, observing that "the whole region was in panic."<ref name="Piot_2012">{{Cite book |title=No time to lose: a life in pursuit of deadly viruses |vauthors=Piot P, Marshall R |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |year=2012 |isbn=978-0393063165 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=30, 90}}</ref><ref name="Piot-one">{{Cite news | vauthors = Piot P |date=11 August 2014 |title=Part one: A virologist's tale of Africa's first encounter with Ebola |work=ScienceInsider |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/part-one-virologists-tale-africas-first-encounter-ebola |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009050901/http://news.sciencemag.org/africa/2014/08/part-one-virologists-tale-africas-first-encounter-ebola |archive-date=9 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Piot-two">{{Cite news | vauthors = Piot P |date=13 August 2014 |title=Part two: A virologist's tale of Africa's first encounter with Ebola |work=ScienceInsider |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/part-two-virologists-tale-africas-first-encounter-ebola |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233325/http://news.sciencemag.org/africa/2014/08/part-two-virologists-tale-africas-first-encounter-ebola |archive-date=16 November 2014 }}</ref>

Piot concluded that Belgian nuns had inadvertently started the epidemic by giving unnecessary vitamin injections to pregnant women without sterilizing the syringes and needles. The outbreak lasted 26 days and the quarantine lasted two weeks. Researchers speculated that the disease disappeared due to the precautions taken by locals, the quarantine of the area, and discontinuing of the injections.<ref name=Stimola/>

During this outbreak, Ngoy Mushola recorded the first clinical description of EVD in [[Yambuku]], where he wrote the following in his daily log: "The illness is characterised with a high temperature of about {{convert|39|°C|0}}, [[haematemesis]], diarrhoea with blood, retrosternal abdominal pain, prostration with 'heavy' articulations, and rapid evolution death after a mean of three days."<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Bardi JS |title=Death Called a River |url=http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20020114/ebola1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802170848/http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20020114/ebola1.html |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=The Scripps Research Institute}}</ref>

The virus responsible for the initial outbreak, first thought to be the [[Marburg virus]], was later identified as a new type of virus related to the genus ''[[Marburgvirus]]''. Virus strain samples isolated from both outbreaks were named "Ebola virus" after the [[Ebola River]], near the first-identified viral outbreak site in Zaire.<ref name=Feldmann2011/> Reports conflict about who initially coined the name: either Karl Johnson of the American CDC team<ref name="hz">{{Cite book | vauthors = Preston R |title=The Hot Zone |title-link=The Hot Zone |date=20 July 1995 |publisher=Anchor Books ([[Random House]]) |page=[https://archive.org/details/hotzone1995pres/page/n144 117] |quote=Karl Johnson named it Ebola |author-link=Richard Preston}}</ref> or Belgian researchers.<ref name="observer">{{Cite web | vauthors = von Bredow R, Hackenbroch V |date=4 October 2014 |title=In 1976 I Discovered Ebola&nbsp;– Now I Fear an Unimaginable Tragedy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/ebola-zaire-peter-piot-outbreak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103105318/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/ebola-zaire-peter-piot-outbreak |archive-date=3 January 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Subsequently, a number of other cases were reported, almost all centred on the Yambuku mission hospital or close contacts of another case.<ref name="whqlibdoc.who.int" /> In all, 318 cases and 280 deaths (an 88% fatality rate) occurred in Zaire.<ref name="emedicine.com">{{Cite web | vauthors = King JW |date=2 April 2008 |title=Ebola Virus |url=http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic626.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928063653/http://www.emedicine.com/med/TOPIC626.HTM |archive-date=28 September 2008 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=eMedicine |publisher=WebMD }}</ref> Although the two outbreaks were at first believed connected, scientists later realised that they were caused by two distinct ebolaviruses, SUDV and EBOV.<ref name=Feldmann2003/>

===1995–2014===
[[File:Ebolafälle bis einschließlich 2020 english.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Cases of Ebola fever in Africa since 1976]]
The second major outbreak occurred in Zaire (now the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], DRC), in 1995, affecting 315 and killing 254.<ref name="WHO2014" />

In 2000, [[Uganda]] had an outbreak infecting 425 and killing 224; in this case, the Sudan virus was found to be the Ebola species responsible for the outbreak.<ref name="WHO2014" />

In 2003, an outbreak in the DRC infected 143 and killed 128, a 90% death rate, the highest of a [[genus]] ''Ebolavirus'' outbreak to date.<ref name="pmid14579469">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Formenty P, Libama F, Epelboin A, Allarangar Y, Leroy E, Moudzeo H, Tarangonia P, Molamou A, Lenzi M, Ait-Ikhlef K, Hewlett B, Roth C, Grein T |year=2003 |title=[Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy?] |journal=Med Trop (Mars) |language=fr |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=291–295 |pmid=14579469}}</ref>

In 2004, a Russian scientist died from Ebola after [[Needlestick injury|sticking]] herself with an infected needle.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Miller J |date=25 May 2004 |title=Russian Scientist Dies in Ebola Accident at Former Weapons Lab |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/25/world/russian-scientist-dies-in-ebola-accident-at-former-weapons-lab.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017035417/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/25/world/russian-scientist-dies-in-ebola-accident-at-former-weapons-lab.html |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

Between April and August 2007, a fever epidemic<ref name="CBCRadioSept2007">{{Cite news |date=12 September 2007 |title=Ebola outbreak in Congo |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ebola-outbreak-in-congo-1.648593 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119105248/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ebola-outbreak-in-congo-1.648593 |archive-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> in a four-village region<ref name="Mystery DR Congo fever kills 100">{{Cite news |date=31 August 2007 |title=Mystery DR Congo fever kills 100 |work=BBC News Online |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6973013.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111024636/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6973013.stm |archive-date=11 November 2007}}</ref> of the DRC was confirmed in September to have been cases of Ebola.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2007 |title=Ebola Outbreak Confirmed in Congo |work=NewScientist.com |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12624-ebola-outbreak-confirmed-in-congo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618230241/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12624-ebola-outbreak-confirmed-in-congo.html |archive-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> Many people who attended the recent funeral of a local village chief died.<ref name="Mystery DR Congo fever kills 100" /> The 2007 outbreak eventually infected 264 individuals and killed 187.<ref name="WHO2014" />

On 30 November 2007, the Uganda Ministry of Health confirmed an outbreak of Ebola in the [[Bundibugyo District]] in Western Uganda. After confirming samples tested by the United States National Reference Laboratories and the Centers for Disease Control, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed the presence of a new species of [[genus]] ''Ebolavirus'', which was tentatively named Bundibugyo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2007 |title=Uganda: Deadly Ebola Outbreak Confirmed – UN |publisher=UN News Service |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200711301070.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303200540/http://allafrica.com/stories/200711301070.html |archive-date=3 March 2008}}</ref> The WHO reported 149 cases of this new strain and 37 of those led to deaths.<ref name="WHO2014" />

The WHO confirmed two small outbreaks in Uganda in 2012, both caused by the Sudan variant. The first outbreak affected seven people, killing four, and the second affected 24, killing 17.<ref name="WHO2014" />

On 17 August 2012, the Ministry of Health of the DRC reported an outbreak of the Ebola-Bundibugyo variant<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRC Confirms Ebola Outbreak |date=21 August 2012 |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/Ebola-drc-outbreak/1492233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915235056/http://www.voanews.com/content/Ebola-drc-outbreak/1492233.html |archive-date=15 September 2012 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Voanews.com}}</ref> in the eastern region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=WHO – Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_08_18/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027035536/https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_08_18/en/index.html |archive-date=27 October 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2012 |title=WHO – Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo – update |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_08_21/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216144914/https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_08_21/en/index.html |archive-date=16 December 2012 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> Other than its discovery in 2007, this was the only time that this variant has been identified as responsible for an outbreak. The WHO revealed that the virus had sickened 57 people and killed 29. The probable cause of the outbreak was tainted [[bush meat]] hunted by local villagers around the towns of [[Isiro]] and Viadana.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Castillo M |year=2012 |title=Ebola virus claims 31 lives in Democratic Republic of the Congo |work=[[CBS News]] |location=United States |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57512216-10391704/ebola-virus-claims-31-lives-in-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914015301/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57512216-10391704/ebola-virus-claims-31-lives-in-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ |archive-date=14 September 2012 }}</ref>

In 2014, an outbreak occurred in the DRC. [[Whole genome sequencing|Genome-sequencing]] showed that this outbreak was not related to the [[West Africa Ebola virus outbreak|2014–15 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak]], but was the same [[EBOV]] species, the Zaire species.<ref name="2014 DRC Who Strain">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Virological Analysis: no link between Ebola outbreaks in west Africa and Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/2-september-2014/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121121328/https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/2-september-2014/en/ |archive-date=21 November 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> It began in August 2014, and was declared over in November with 66 cases and 49 deaths.<ref name="reuters1511">{{Cite news |date=15 November 2014 |title=Congo declares its Ebola outbreak over |work=Reuters |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/health-ebola-congodemocratic-idUKL6N0T50F720141115 |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129065140/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/11/15/health-ebola-congodemocratic-idUKL6N0T50F720141115 |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> This was the 7th outbreak in the DRC, three of which occurred during the period when the country was known as [[Zaire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2014 |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: The country that knows how to beat Ebola |url=https://www.who.int/features/2014/drc-beats-ebola/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005300/https://www.who.int/features/2014/drc-beats-ebola/en/ |archive-date=26 February 2015 |access-date=26 February 2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>

===2013–2016 West Africa===
{{main|West African Ebola virus epidemic}}
[[File:Diseased Ebola 2014.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Cases and deaths from April 2014 to July 2015 during the [[Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|2013–2015 outbreak]]]]

In March 2014, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reported a major Ebola outbreak in [[Guinea]], a West African nation.<ref name="CDC2014Out">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Guidelines for Evaluation of US Patients Suspected of Having Ebola Virus Disease |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/24830 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808075214/http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00364.asp |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Researchers traced the outbreak to a one-year-old child who died in December 2013.<ref name="Baize2014">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Baize S, Pannetier D, Oestereich L, Rieger T, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, Soropogui B, Sow MS, Keïta S, De Clerck H, Tiffany A, Dominguez G, Loua M, Traoré A, Kolié M, Malano ER, Heleze E, Bocquin A, Mély S, Raoul H, Caro V, Cadar D, Gabriel M, Pahlmann M, Tappe D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Impouma B, Diallo AK, Formenty P, Van Herp M, Günther S |date=October 2014 |title=Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2fac/85d09a91e4b0f670afda192af30d9620498b.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=15 |pages=1418–1425 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1404505 |pmid=24738640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224737/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2fac/85d09a91e4b0f670afda192af30d9620498b.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2019 |s2cid=34198809}}</ref><ref name="1st Chain">{{Cite web |name-list-style=vanc |year=2014 |title=The first cases of this Ebola outbreak traced by WHO |url=http://who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/guinea-chart-big.png?ua=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092047/http://who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/guinea-chart-big.png?ua=1 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |format=png |ref=1st-chain}}</ref> The disease rapidly spread to the neighbouring countries of [[Liberia]] and [[Sierra Leone]]. It was the largest Ebola outbreak ever documented, and the first recorded in the region.<ref name="CDC2014Out" /> On 8 August 2014, the WHO declared the epidemic an international public health emergency. Urging the world to offer aid to the affected regions, its Director-General said, "Countries affected to date simply do not have the capacity to manage an outbreak of this size and complexity on their own. I urge the international community to provide this support on the most urgent basis possible."<ref>{{Cite news |title=WHO raises global alarm over Ebola outbreak |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ebola-outbreak-international-public-health-emergency-who/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808095616/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ebola-outbreak-international-public-health-emergency-who/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 }}</ref> By mid-August 2014, [[Doctors Without Borders]] reported the situation in Liberia's capital, [[Monrovia]], was "catastrophic" and "deteriorating daily". They reported that fears of Ebola among staff members and patients had shut down much of the city's health system, leaving many people without medical treatment for other conditions.<ref name="Common Dreams">{{Cite web | vauthors = Fulton D |date=18 August 2014 |title=In Liberia's Ebola-Stricken Villages, Residents Face 'Stark' Choices |url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2014/08/18/liberias-ebola-stricken-villages-residents-face-stark-choices |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820041111/http://www.commondreams.org/news/2014/08/18/liberias-ebola-stricken-villages-residents-face-stark-choices |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=Common Dreams }}</ref> In a 26 September statement, WHO said, "The Ebola epidemic ravaging parts of West Africa is the most severe acute public health emergency seen in modern times. Never before in recorded history has a [[biosafety level]] four pathogen infected so many people so quickly, over such a broad geographical area, for so long."<ref name="Ebola situation assessment ">{{Cite press release |title=Experimental therapies: growing interest in the use of whole blood or plasma from recovered Ebola patients (convalescent therapies) |date=26 September 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/26-september-2014/en/ |access-date=28 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928143036/https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/26-september-2014/en/ |archive-date=28 September 2014 }}</ref>

Intense contact tracing and strict isolation largely prevented further spread of the disease in the countries that had imported cases. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} suspected cases and {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths were reported;{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa – Case Counts |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806135144/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2017 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref> however, the WHO said that these numbers may be underestimated.<ref name="Ebola_Outbreak_total_WHO_28_Sept">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2014 |title=Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/135600/1/roadmapsitrep_1Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002142707/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/135600/1/roadmapsitrep_1Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=2 October 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> Because they work closely with the body fluids of infected patients, healthcare workers were especially vulnerable to infection; in August 2014, the WHO reported that 10% of the dead were healthcare workers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2014 |title=Unprecedented number of medical staff infected with Ebola |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/25-august-2014/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828123825/https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/25-august-2014/en/ |archive-date=28 August 2014 |access-date=29 August 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>

[[File:2014 ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|2014 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa]]

In September 2014, it was estimated that the countries' capacity for treating Ebola patients was insufficient by the equivalent of 2,122 beds; by December there were a sufficient number of beds to treat and isolate all reported Ebola cases, although the uneven distribution of cases was causing serious shortfalls in some areas.<ref name="WHO2014_12_10">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=Ebola response roadmap – Situation report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/145198/1/roadmapsitrep_10Dec2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210214551/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/145198/1/roadmapsitrep_10Dec2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |format=PDF}}</ref> On 28 January 2015, the WHO reported that for the first time since the week ending 29 June 2014, there had been fewer than 100 new confirmed cases reported in a week in the three most-affected countries. The response to the epidemic then moved to a second phase, as the focus shifted from slowing transmission to ending the epidemic.<ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2015 |title=Ebola Situation Report |url=http://apps.who.int/ebola/en/ebola-situation-report/situation-reports/ebola-situation-report-28-january-2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203214717/http://apps.who.int/ebola/en/ebola-situation-report/situation-reports/ebola-situation-report-28-january-2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |access-date=5 February 2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> On 8 April 2015, the WHO reported only 30 confirmed cases, the lowest weekly total since the third week of May 2014.<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=Ebola Situation Report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/161244/1/roadmapsitrep_8Apr2015_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414170339/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/161244/1/roadmapsitrep_8Apr2015_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref>

On 29 December 2015, 42 days after the last person tested negative for a second time, Guinea was declared free of Ebola transmission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2015 |title=Ebola gone from Guinea |publisher=[[CBC News]] |agency=Thomson Reuters |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/ebola-guinea-1.3382945 |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230001240/http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/ebola-guinea-1.3382945 |archive-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> At that time, a 90-day period of heightened surveillance was announced by that agency. "This is the first time that all three countries – Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone – have stopped the original chains of transmission ...", the organisation stated in a news release.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=UN declares end to Ebola virus transmission in Guinea; first time all three host countries free |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52913 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101115517/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52913 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |author=<!-- no by-line. --> |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> A new case was detected in Sierra Leone on 14 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=New Ebola case in Sierra Leone. WHO continues to stress risk of more flare-ups |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/new-ebola-case/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127143222/https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/new-ebola-case/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2016 |access-date=25 January 2016 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> However, the outbreak was declared no longer an emergency on 29 March 2016.<ref name="who.int" />

====2014 spread outside West Africa====
{{main|Ebola virus cases in the United States|Ebola virus disease in Spain|Ebola virus disease in the United Kingdom}}
On 19 September, Eric Duncan flew from his native Liberia to Texas; five days later he began showing symptoms and visited a hospital but was sent home. His condition worsened and he returned to the hospital on 28 September, where he died on 8 October. Health officials confirmed a diagnosis of Ebola on 30 September – the first case in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Botelho G, Wilson J |date=8 October 2014 |title=Thomas Eric Duncan: First Ebola death in U.S. |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/08/health/thomas-eric-duncan-ebola/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529040652/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/08/health/thomas-eric-duncan-ebola/index.html |archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

In early October, Teresa Romero, a 44-year-old Spanish nurse, contracted Ebola after caring for a priest who had been repatriated from West Africa. This was the first transmission of the virus to occur outside Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second US Ebola diagnosis 'deeply concerning', admits CDC chief |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/second-us-ebola-diagnosis-deeply-concerning-admits-cdc-chief/ar-BB8UFz0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014175544/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/second-us-ebola-diagnosis-deeply-concerning-admits-cdc-chief/ar-BB8UFz0 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=[[MSN]]}}archive-url= October 2013</ref> Romero tested negative for the disease on 20 October, suggesting that she may have recovered from Ebola infection.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2014 |title=Ebola crisis: Tests show Spanish nurse Teresa Romero no longer has the virus |work=ABC News |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-20/spanish-nurse-infected-with-ebola-no-longer-has-virus/5825720 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029201132/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-20/spanish-nurse-infected-with-ebola-no-longer-has-virus/5825720 |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>

On 12 October, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) confirmed that a nurse in Texas, [[Nina Pham]], who had treated Duncan tested positive for the Ebola virus, the first known case of transmission in the United States.<ref name="NYT-20141012-MF">{{Cite news | vauthors = Fernandez M |date=12 October 2014 |title=Texas Health Worker Tests Positive for Ebola |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/us/texas-health-worker-tests-positive-for-ebola.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012162113/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/us/texas-health-worker-tests-positive-for-ebola.html |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> On 15 October, a second Texas health-care worker who had treated Duncan was confirmed to have the virus.<ref name="NBC-ebolaTX" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ebola in Texas: Second Health Care Worker Tests Positive |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-texas-second-health-care-worker-tests-positive-n226161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015211852/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-texas-second-health-care-worker-tests-positive-n226161 |archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> Both of these people recovered.<ref name="CDC-20142411">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2018 |title=Cases of Ebola Diagnosed in the United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/united-states-imported-case.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226055827/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/united-states-imported-case.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 }}</ref> An unrelated case involved a doctor in New York City, who returned to the United States from Guinea after working with [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] and tested positive for Ebola on 23 October.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Sanchez R, Prokupecz S |date=23 October 2014 |title=N.Y. doctor positive for Ebola had no symptoms until Thursday, officials say |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/23/health/new-york-possible-ebola-case/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024022702/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/23/health/new-york-possible-ebola-case/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |archive-date=24 October 2014 }}</ref> The person recovered and was discharged from [[Bellevue Hospital]] on 11 November.<ref name="CDC-20142411" /> On 24 December 2014, a laboratory in [[Atlanta]], Georgia reported that a technician had been exposed to Ebola.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Sun LH, Achenbach J |date=24 December 2014 |title=CDC reports potential Ebola exposure in Atlanta lab |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/cdc-reports-potential-ebola-exposure-in-atlanta-lab/2014/12/24/f1a9f26c-8b8e-11e4-8ff4-fb93129c9c8b_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225002131/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/cdc-reports-potential-ebola-exposure-in-atlanta-lab/2014/12/24/f1a9f26c-8b8e-11e4-8ff4-fb93129c9c8b_story.html |archive-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

On 29 December 2014, [[Pauline Cafferkey]], a British nurse who had just returned to [[Glasgow]] from Sierra Leone, was diagnosed with Ebola at Glasgow's [[Gartnavel General Hospital]].<ref name="BBC-30628349">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2014 |title=Ebola case confirmed in Glasgow hospital |work=BBC News Online |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-30628349 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229191607/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-30628349 |archive-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> After initial treatment in Glasgow, she was transferred by air to [[RAF Northolt]], then to the specialist [[high-level isolation unit]] at the [[Royal Free Hospital]] in [[London]] for longer-term treatment.<ref name="BBC-30629397">{{Cite news |date=30 December 2014 |title=Ebola nurse Pauline Cafferkey transferred to London unit |work=BBC News Online |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30629397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230120858/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30629397 |archive-date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

=== 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo ===
{{Main|2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak}}
On 11 May 2017, the DRC Ministry of Public Health notified the WHO about an outbreak of Ebola. Four people died, and four people survived; five of these eight cases were laboratory-confirmed. A total of 583 contacts were monitored. On 2 July 2017, the WHO declared the end of the outbreak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola Epidemiology |url=http://www.ebolavirusnet.com/epidemiology.html |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.ebolavirusnet.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531182238/http://ebolavirusnet.com/epidemiology.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2018 Équateur province ===
{{Main|2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak}}
On 14 May 2018, the World Health Organization reported that "the Democratic Republic of Congo reported 39 suspected, probable or confirmed cases of Ebola between 4 April and 13 May, including 19 deaths."<ref name="first 2018 DRC outbreak report">{{Cite web |title=WHO says 19 dead, 39 infected so far in Congo Ebola outbreak |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/who-says-19-dead-39-infected-so-far-in-congo-ebola-outbreak/ar-AAxfhX9?ocid=ientp |access-date=14 May 2018 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> Some 393 people identified as contacts of Ebola patients were being followed up. The outbreak centred on the [[Bikoro]], Iboko, and [[Wangata]] areas in [[Equateur]] province,<ref name="first 2018 DRC outbreak report" /> including in the large city of [[Mbandaka]]. The DRC Ministry of Public Health approved the use of an experimental vaccine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO planning for 'worst case scenario' over DRC Ebola outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/planning-worst-case-scenario-drc-ebola-outbreak-180511153458973.html |access-date=14 May 2018 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=19 dead in latest Congo Ebola outbreak: WHO |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/2018/05/14/19-dead-in-latest-congo-ebola-outbreak-w?videoId=426863714&videoChannel=118261 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Update 1 – WHO gets approval to use Ebola vaccine in Democratic… |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-ebola-who/update-1-who-gets-approval-to-use-ebola-vaccine-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-idUSL5N1SL554 |access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> On 13 May 2018, WHO Director-General [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]] visited Bikoro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO Director General visits Ebola-affected areas in DR Congo |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/13-05-2018-who-director-general-visits-ebola-affected-areas-in-dr-congo |access-date=14 May 2018 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> Reports emerged that maps of the area were inaccurate, not so much hampering medical providers as [[epidemiologist]]s and officials trying to assess the outbreak and containment efforts.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Yong E |date=21 May 2018 |title=Most Maps of the New Ebola Outbreak Are Wrong: Villages, and sometimes whole regions of the Congo, are misplaced – but the ministry of health and a team of cartographers are racing to get better data |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/05/most-maps-of-the-new-ebola-outbreak-are-wrong/560777/ |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> The 2018 outbreak in the DRC was declared over on 24 July 2018.<ref name=WHO2018DRCOver/>

=== 2018–2020 Kivu ===
{{Main|Kivu Ebola epidemic}}
On 1 August 2018, the world's 10th Ebola outbreak was declared in [[North Kivu]] province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was the first Ebola outbreak in a military conflict zone, with thousands of refugees in the area.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Beaubien J |date=2 August 2018 |title=Ebola In A Conflict Zone |work=NPR |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] (NPR) |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/08/02/635016034/ebola-in-a-conflict-zone |access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Specia M |date=2 August 2018 |title=The Latest Ebola Outbreak Is Centered in a War Zone |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/02/world/africa/ebola-outbreak-congo-war-zone.html |access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> By November 2018, nearly 200 Congolese had died of Ebola, about half of them from the city of [[Beni, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Beni]], where armed groups are fighting over the region's mineral wealth, impeding medical relief efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=DRC: Ebola Outbreak Worst in Country's History, Kills Almost 200 |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2018/11/13/headlines/drc_ebola_outbreak_worst_in_countrys_history_kills_almost_200 |access-date=14 November 2018 |publisher=Democracy Now}}</ref>

By March 2019, this became the second largest Ebola outbreak ever recorded, with more than 1,000 cases and insecurity continuing to be the major resistance to providing an adequate response.<ref name="CDC24March2019">{{Cite press release |title=Ebola outbreak in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo tops 1,000 cases |date=29 March 2019 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0322-ebola-congo.html |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="WHOMay2019">{{Cite web |title=Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/02-may-2019-ebola-drc/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505054446/https://www.who.int/csr/don/02-may-2019-ebola-drc/en/ |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> {{As of|2019|6|4}}, the WHO reported 2025 confirmed and probable cases with 1357 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo – Disease outbreak news: Update 6 June 2019 |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/06-june-2019-ebola-drc/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607113738/https://www.who.int/csr/don/06-june-2019-ebola-drc/en/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> In June 2019, two people died of Ebola in neighbouring [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2019 |title=Ebola outbreak: Grandmother dies in Uganda |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-48622635 |access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref>

In July 2019, an infected man travelled to [[Goma]], home to more than two million people.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Larson K |date=15 July 2019 |title=Congo tracing contacts of first Ebola case in eastern city |url=https://apnews.com/7ae99b8b4e414467b9139abde98684ee |access-date=17 July 2019 |website=AP News}}</ref> One week later, on 17 July 2019, the WHO declared the Ebola outbreak a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern|global health emergency]], the fifth time such a declaration has been made by the organisation.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Cheng M, Keaten J |date=17 July 2019 |title=Ebola outbreak in Congo declared a global health emergency |url=https://apnews.com/204fc739fc5846cdba4093ee65c4f7db |access-date=17 July 2019 |website=AP News}}</ref> A government spokesman said that half of the Ebola cases are unidentified, and he added that the current outbreak could last up to three years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2019 |title=Half of Ebola cases in DR Congo 'unidentified' |work=BBC News Online |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49212116 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

On 25 June 2020, the second biggest EVD outbreak ever was declared over.<ref name="finish">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=DR Congo's deadliest Ebola outbreak declared over |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53179323 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

=== 2020 Équateur province ===
On 1 June 2020, the Congolese health ministry announced a new DRC outbreak of Ebola in [[Mbandaka]], [[Équateur Province]], a region along the Congo River. Genome sequencing suggests that this outbreak, the 11th outbreak since the virus was first discovered in the country in 1976, is unrelated to the one in North Kivu Province or the previous outbreak in the same area in 2018. It was reported that six cases had been identified; four of the people had died. It is expected that more people will be identified as surveillance activities increase.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Ebola virus disease case in Equateur Province, DRC is a new spillover |url=https://virological.org/t/ebola-virus-disease-case-in-equateur-province-drc-is-a-new-spillover/504 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=Virological.org}}</ref> By 15 June the case count had increased to 17 with 11 deaths, with more than 2,500 people having been vaccinated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=17 infected, 11 dead in new Ebola outbreak in DR Congo |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/17-infected-11-dead-ebola-outbreak-dr-congo-200615112609457.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> The 11th EVD outbreak was officially declared over on 19 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo declares the end to its 11th Ebola outbreak |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/18/health/drc-ebola-outbreak-over-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> By the time the Équateur outbreak ended, it had 130 confirmed cases with 75 recoveries and 55 deaths.

=== 2021 ===

==== North Kivu ====
On 7 February 2021, the Congolese health ministry announced a new case of Ebola near Butembo, North Kivu detected a day before. The case was a 42-year-old woman who had symptoms of Ebola in Biena on 1 February 2021. A few days after, she died in a hospital in Butembo. The WHO said that more than 70 people with contact with the woman had been tracked.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Ebola case detected in eastern DRC |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/7/new-ebola-case-detected-in-eastern-dr-congo-health-ministry |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in North Kivu – Democratic Republic of the Congo – 2021 |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/outbreak-ebola-virus-disease-north-kivu-democratic-republic-congo-2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 February 2021, another woman who had contact with the previous woman died in the same town, and the number of traced contacts increased to 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRC confirms two Ebola deaths in resurgence of outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/11/drc-confirms-two-ebola-deaths-in-resurgence-of-outbreak |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> A day after, a third case was detected in Butembo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRC confirms third Ebola case in North Kivu province |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/12/drc-confirms-third-ebola-case-in-north-kivu-province |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 May 2021, the 12th EVD outbreak was declared over, resulting in 12 cases and six deaths.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=Communicable Disease Threats Report |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Communicable-disease-threats-report-8-may-2021.pdf |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=Latest deadly Ebola virus outbreak in DR Congo declared over |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/05/1091162 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Heightened surveillance will continue for 90 days after the declaration, in case of resurgence.<ref name=":3" />

==== Guinea ====
In February 2021, Sakoba Keita, head of Guinea's national health agency confirmed that three people had died of Ebola in the south-eastern region near the city of Nzérékoré. A further five people also tested positive. Keita also confirmed more testing was underway, and attempts to trace and isolate further cases had begun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2021 |title=Guinea records first Ebola deaths since 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56060728 |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> On 14 February, the Guinean government declared an Ebola epidemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea declares Ebola epidemic after three deaths |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/14/guinea-sees-first-ebola-deaths-since-2016 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The outbreak may have started following reactivation of a [[viral latency|latent case]] in a survivor of an earlier outbreak.<ref name="KuperschmidtReactivation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kupferschmidt, K |date=March 2021 |title=Ebola virus may lurk in survivors for many years |journal=Science |volume=371 |issue=6535 |pages=1188 |bibcode=2021Sci...371.1188K |doi=10.1126/science.371.6535.1188 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=33737465 |s2cid=232303082}}</ref><ref name="VirologicalKeitaGuinea21">{{Cite web | vauthors = Keita AK, Düx A, Diallo H, Calvignac-Spencer S, Sow MS, Keita MB, Sidibe Y, Ayouba A, Lemarcis F, Marí Saéz A | display-authors = 6 |date=12 March 2021 |title=Resurgence of Ebola virus in Guinea after 5 years calls for careful attention to survivors without creating further stigmatization |url=https://virological.org/t/guinea-2021-ebov-genomes/651 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=virological.org |language=en}}</ref> As of 4 May 2021, 23 cases were reported, with no new cases or deaths since 3 April 2021.<ref name=":3" /> A 42-day countdown period was started on 8 May 2021, and on 19 June, the outbreak was declared over.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1406227793281757189 |user=WHOAFRO |title=The #Ebola outbreak in #Guinea was declared over today! Here is a look back at the hard work of communities, health workers, partners & Guinea's health authorities to bring this outbreak to an end while also fighting #COVID19.}}</ref>

==== Ivory Coast ====
On 14 August 2021, The Ministry of Health of [[Cote d’Ivoire]] confirmed the country's first case of Ebola since 1994. This came after the Institut Pasteur in Cote d'Ivoire confirmed the Ebola Virus Disease in samples collected from a patient, who was hospitalized in the commercial capital of [[Abidjan]], after arriving from Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=Cote d'Ivoire declares first Ebola outbreak in more than 25 years |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/cote-divoire-declares-first-ebola-outbreak-more-25-years |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=afro.who.int}}</ref>

However, on 31 August 2021, the WHO found that, after further tests in a laboratory in [[Lyon]], the patient did not have Ebola. The cause of her disease is still being analyzed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New test finds no evidence of Ebola virus in Cote d'Ivoire case |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/new-test-finds-no-evidence-ebola-virus-cote-divoire-case |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
On 23 April 2022, a case of Ebola was confirmed in the DRC in the Equateur province. The case was a 31-year-old man whose symptoms began on 5 April, but did not seek treatment for over a week. On 21 April, he was admitted to an Ebola treatment centre and died later that day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2022 |title=New case of Ebola hemorrhagic fever found in DR Congo |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/23/new-case-of-ebola-hemorrhagic-fever-found-in-dr-congo |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> By 24 May 2022, there were 5 recorded deaths in the DRC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=All reported DR Congo Ebola patients dead: WHO |url=https://gazettengr.com/all-reported-dr-congo-ebola-patients-dead-who/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref> On 15 August, the fifth case was buried, and the outbreak was declared over, 42 days after, on 4 July 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo |date=4 July 2022 |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398 |work=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

In September 2022, [[2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak|Uganda reported 7 cases infected with the Ebola Sudan strain]],<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Biryabarema E |date=22 September 2022 |title=Uganda has confirmed seven Ebola cases so far, one death |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uganda-ebola-cases-stand-seven-so-far-2022-09-22/ |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> but by mid-October the count had increased to 63.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=Uganda is battling Ebola again – and the world doesn't have a vaccine {{!}} Devi Sridhar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/oct/10/uganda-ebola-vaccine |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
In November 2022, the outbreak in Uganda continued - still without a vaccine.<ref name="Guiliani 2022" /> On 10 January 2023, the outbreak was considered over after no new cases had been reported for 42 days; the outbreak killed nearly 80 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Ebola outbreak in Uganda declared over |url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/01/ebola-outbreak-in-uganda-declared-over/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=BNO News |language=en-US}}</ref>