Earth

== References ==
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{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="aaa428_261">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Laskar |first1=J. |last2=Robutel |first2=P. |last3=Joutel |first3=F. |last4=Gastineau |first4=M. |last5=Correia |first5=A.C.M. |last6=Levrard |first6=B. |title=A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2004 |volume=428 |issue=1 |pages=261–285 |bibcode=2004A&A...428..261L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041335 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00001603/document |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="ab2003">{{cite web |author=Staff |date=September 2003 |url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312212337/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html |archive-date=12 March 2012 |title=Astrobiology Roadmap |publisher=NASA, Lockheed Martin |access-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="abedon1997">{{cite web |last1=Abedon |first1=Stephen T. |date=31 March 1997 |url=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1010.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129043509/http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1010.htm |archive-date=29 November 2012 |title=History of Earth |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=19 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="age_earth1">See:
* {{cite book |first1=G. Brent |last1=Dalrymple |author-link1=Brent Dalrymple|date=1991 |title=The Age of the Earth |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=California |isbn=978-0-8047-1569-0}}
* {{cite web |last=Newman |first=William L. |date=9 July 2007 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |title=Age of the Earth |publisher=Publications Services, USGS |access-date=20 September 2007}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dalrymple |first1=G. Brent |author-link1=Brent Dalrymple|title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |year=2001 |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=205–221 |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205 |access-date=20 September 2007 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 |bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D|s2cid=130092094 }}</ref>

<ref name="aj136_5_1906">{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=Dennis D. |author-link1=Dennis McCarthy (scientist)|last2=Hackman |first2=Christine |last3=Nelson |first3=Robert A. |title=The Physical Basis of the Leap Second |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=136 |issue=5 |pages=1906–1908 |date=November 2008 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906 |bibcode=2008AJ....136.1906M |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="ajes38_613">{{cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=R. L. |year=1991 |title=The persistent myth of crustal growth |journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=613–630 |doi=10.1080/08120099108727995 |bibcode=1991AuJES..38..613A |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Armstrong1991.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.527.9577}}</ref>

<ref name="Allen294">{{cite book |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |last1=Allen |first1=Clabon Walter |author-link1=Clabon Allen |last2=Cox |first2=Arthur N. |editor=Arthur N. Cox |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-387-98746-0 |url={{GBurl|id=w8PK2XFLLH8C|p=294}} |page=294 |access-date=13 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Allen296">{{cite book |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |last1=Allen |first1=Clabon Walter |author-link1=Clabon Allen|last2=Cox |first2=Arthur N. |editor=Arthur N. Cox |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-387-98746-0 |url={{GBurl|id=w8PK2XFLLH8C|p=296}} |page=296 |access-date=17 August 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="amnat163_2_192">{{cite journal |last1=Hillebrand |first1=Helmut |title=On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient |journal=American Naturalist |year=2004 |volume=163 |issue=2 |pages=192–211 |doi=10.1086/381004 |pmid=14970922 |s2cid=9886026 |url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/4048/1/Hillebrand_2004_Amer_nat.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="angular">{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=David R. |date=10 February 2006 |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html |title=Planetary Fact Sheets |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 September 2008|at=See the apparent diameters on the Sun and Moon pages}}</ref>
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<ref name=arghg4_143>{{cite journal |last1=Pennock |first1=R. T. |title=Creationism and intelligent design |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=143–163 |year=2003 |pmid=14527300 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110400}}</ref>
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<ref name="arnett20060716">{{cite web |first1=Bill |last1=Arnett |date=16 July 2006 |title=Earth |work=The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more |url=http://nineplanets.org/earth.html |access-date=9 March 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="arwps4_265">{{cite journal |last1=Hunten |first1=D. M. |title=Hydrogen loss from the terrestrial planets |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |year=1976 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=265–292 |bibcode=1976AREPS...4..265H |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.04.050176.001405 |last2=Donahue |first2=T. M|author-link2=Thomas Michael Donahue}}</ref>

<ref name="asp2002">{{cite conference |last1=Guinan |first1=E. F. |last2=Ribas |first2=I. |editor=Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan |title=Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate |work=ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments |year=2002 |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-1-58381-109-2 |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |bibcode=2002ASPC..269...85G}}</ref>

<ref name="asu_highest_temp">{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-temperature |title=World: Highest Temperature |work=[[WMO]] Weather and Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="asu_lowest_temp">{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-lowest-temperature |title=World: Lowest Temperature |work=[[WMO]] Weather and Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="atmosphere">{{cite web |author=Staff |date=8 October 2003 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html |title=Earth's Atmosphere |publisher=NASA |access-date=21 March 2007 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427090422/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="berger2002">{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=Wolfgang H. |author-link1=Wolfgang H. Berger|year=2002 |url=http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/cc1syllabus.shtml |title=The Earth's Climate System |publisher=University of California, San Diego |access-date=24 March 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="bgsa119_1_140">{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=B. H. |last2=McElroy |first2=B. J. |s2cid=128776283 |title=The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Society of America |year=2007 |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=140–156 |doi=10.1130/B25899.1 |bibcode=2007GSAB..119..140W}}</ref>
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<ref name="biodiv">{{cite web |author=Staff |url=http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml |title=Themes & Issues |publisher=Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=29 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407011249/http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml |archive-date=7 April 2007}}</ref>
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<ref name="bouvier_wadhwa2010">{{cite journal |last1=Bouvier |first1=Audrey |last2=Wadhwa |first2=Meenakshi |author-link2=Meenakshi Wadhwa|title=The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion |journal=Nature Geoscience |date=September 2010 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=637–641 |doi=10.1038/ngeo941 |bibcode=2010NatGe...3..637B }}</ref>

<ref name="bradley_2011">{{Cite journal |last=Bradley |first=D.C. |author-link1=Donal Bradley|date=2011 |title=Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=108 |issue=1–2 |pages=16–33 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003 |bibcode=2011ESRv..108...16B |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.6618 |s2cid=140601854}}</ref>

<ref name="britt2000">{{cite web |first1=Robert |last1=Britt |website=Space.com|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html |title=Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got? |date=25 February 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605231345/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html |archive-date=5 June 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=bromberg2008>{{cite web |last1=Bromberg |first1=Irv |date=1 May 2008 |url=http://www.sym454.org/seasons/ |title=The Lengths of the Seasons (on Earth) |publisher=[[University of Toronto]]|website=Sym545 |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218221421/http://www.sym454.org/seasons/ |archive-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="brown_mussett1981">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Geoff C. |last2=Mussett |first2=Alan E. |title=The Inaccessible Earth |edition=2nd |date=1981 |page=[https://archive.org/details/inaccessibleeart0000brow_r5i2/page/166 166] |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-04-550028-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/inaccessibleeart0000brow_r5i2/page/166}} Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969).</ref>

<ref name="brown_wohletz2005">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=W. K. |last2=Wohletz |first2=K. H. |year=2005 |url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/geodynamics/Wohletz/SFT-Tectonics.htm |title=SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |access-date=2 March 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="burton20021129">{{cite web |last1=Burton |first1=Kathleen |date=29 November 2002 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html |title=Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land |publisher=NASA |access-date=5 March 2007 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011032824/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=campbelwh>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Wallace Hall |title=Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |location=New York |page=57 |isbn=978-0-521-82206-0}}</ref>

<ref name=canup_asphaug2001b>{{cite journal |last1=Canup |first1=R. |author-link1=Robin Canup|last2=Asphaug |first2=E. I. |author-link2=Erik Ian Asphaug|s2cid=4413525 |title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation |journal=Nature |volume=412 |pages=708–712 |year=2001 |doi=10.1038/35089010 |pmid=11507633 |issue=6848 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C}}</ref>

<ref name=cazenave_ahrens1995>{{cite book |first1=Anny |last1=Cazenave |author-link=Anny Cazenave |editor=Ahrens, Thomas J |date=1995 |title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants |issue=1 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-87590-851-9 |chapter-url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016024803/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2006 |access-date=3 August 2008 |chapter=Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms |series=AGU Reference Shelf |volume=1 |doi=10.1029/RF001 |bibcode=1995geph.conf.....A}}</ref>

<ref name=Choi>{{cite web |last1=Choi |first1=Charles Q. |title=First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last |website=[[Space.com]]|url=http://www.space.com/12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=christou_asher2011>{{cite journal |last1=Christou |first1=Apostolos A. |last2=Asher |first2=David J. |author-link2=David J. Asher|date=31 March 2011 |title=A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth |arxiv=1104.0036 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18595.x |volume=414 |issue=4 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |pages=2965–2969 |bibcode=2011MNRAS.414.2965C|s2cid=13832179 }} See table 2, p. 5.</ref>

<ref name=climate_zones>{{cite web |author=Staff |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808131632/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html |archive-date=8 August 2010 |title=Climate Zones |publisher=UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs |access-date=24 March 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=cmp134_3>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s004100050465 |title=Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada |year=1999 |last1=Bowring |first1=Samuel A. |author-link1=Samuel Bowring|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |last2=Williams |first2=Ian S. |s2cid=128376754 |bibcode=1999CoMP..134....3B}}</ref>

<ref name=cordoba2004>{{cite web |first1=S. Sanz Fernández |last1=de Córdoba |date=21 June 2004 |url=http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115223732/http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp |archive-date=15 January 2010 |title=Presentation of the Karman separation line, used as the boundary separating Aeronautics and Astronautics |publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale |access-date=21 April 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Cox2000">{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Clabon Walter |author-link1=Clabon Allen|last2=Cox |first2=Arthur N. |editor=Arthur N. Cox |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |url={{GBurl|id=w8PK2XFLLH8C|p=244}} |edition=4th |date=2000 |publisher=AIP Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-98746-0 |page=244 |access-date=17 August 2010}}</ref>
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<ref name="Apollo13History">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_13a_Summary.htm |title=Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970 |publisher=NASA |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref>
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<ref name=de_pater_lissauer2010>{{cite book |last1=de Pater |first1=Imke |last2=Lissauer |first2=Jack J. |author-link2=Jack J. Lissauer|title=Planetary Sciences |page=154 |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-85371-2}}</ref>
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<ref name="Deuss_2014">{{Cite journal |last=Deuss |first=Arwen |date=2014 |title=Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054658 |journal=Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=103–126 |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054658 |bibcode=2014AREPS..42..103D}}</ref>

<ref name="Dhuime_etal_2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhuime |first1=B. |last2=Hawksworth |first2=C.J. |author-link2=Christopher Hawkesworth|last3=Delavault |first3=H. |last4=Cawood |first4=P.A. |date=2018 |title=Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust: implications for continental growth |journal=Philosophical Transactions A |volume=376 |issue=2132 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2017.0403 |pmc=6189557 |pmid=30275156|bibcode=2018RSPTA.37670403D}}</ref>
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<ref name=dole1970>{{cite book |first1=Stephen H. |last1=Dole |date=1970 |title=Habitable Planets for Man |edition=2nd |publisher=American Elsevier Publishing Co |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R414/ |access-date=11 March 2007 |isbn=978-0-444-00092-7}}</ref>
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<ref name=duennebier1999>{{cite web |last1=Duennebier |first1=Fred |date=12 August 1999 |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/plate-tectonics2.html |title=Pacific Plate Motion |publisher=University of Hawaii |access-date=14 March 2007}}</ref>
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<ref name=Dutch2002>{{cite journal |last1=Dutch |first1=S. I. |year=2002 |title=Religion as belief versus religion as fact |journal=Journal of Geoscience Education |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=137–144 |url=http://nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Dutch_v50n2p137.pdf |access-date=28 April 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref>
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<ref name="earth_fact_sheet">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center |first=David R. |last=Williams |date=16 March 2017 |access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>
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<ref name=edis2003>{{cite book |first1=Taner |last1=Edis |date=2003 |title=A World Designed by God: Science and Creationism in Contemporary Islam |publisher=Amherst: Prometheus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030608143431/http://www2.truman.edu/~edis/writings/articles/CFI-2001.pdf |url=http://www2.truman.edu/~edis/writings/articles/CFI-2001.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2003 |isbn=978-1-59102-064-6|access-date=28 April 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref>
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<ref name=epsl121_1>{{cite journal |last1=Vlaar |first1=N |last2=Vankeken |first2=P. |last3=Vandenberg |first3=A. |title=Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle |year=1994 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=121 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0 |url=http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf |bibcode=1994E&PSL.121....1V |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181621/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="espenak_meeus20070207">{{cite web |last1=Espenak |first1=Fred |author-link1=Fred Espenak|last2=Meeus |first2=Jean |author-link2=Jean Meeus|date=7 February 2007 |url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat5/secular.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302112957/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat5/secular.html |archive-date=2 March 2008 |title=Secular acceleration of the Moon |publisher=NASA |access-date=20 April 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="fisher19960205">{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Rick |date=5 February 1996 |url=http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/earth_rot.html |title=Earth Rotation and Equatorial Coordinates |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |access-date=21 March 2007 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818022004/http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/earth_rot.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=fitzpatrick2006>{{cite web |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Richard |date=16 February 2006 |url=http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node69.html |title=MHD dynamo theory |publisher=NASA WMAP |access-date=27 February 2007}}</ref>
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<ref name=frye1983>{{cite book |last1=Frye |first1=Roland Mushat |date=1983 |title=Is God a Creationist? The Religious Case Against Creation-Science |publisher=Scribner's |isbn=978-0-684-17993-3}}</ref>
--->
<ref name="geerts_linacre97">{{cite web |last1=Geerts |first1=B. |last2=Linacre |first2=E. |url=http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html |title=The height of the tropopause |date=November 1997 |work=Resources in Atmospheric Sciences |publisher=University of Wyoming |access-date=10 August 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="GeolSoc">{{Cite web |year=2012|website=London Geological Society|title=The Crust and Lithosphere |url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/flood_basalts_2 |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=gould1994>{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Stephen J. |author-link1=Stephen Jay Gould|title=The Evolution of Life on Earth |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=October 1994 |url=http://brembs.net/gould.html |access-date=5 March 2007 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84 |volume=271 |issue=4 |pages=84–91 |pmid=7939569 |bibcode=1994SciAm.271d..84G}}</ref>

<ref name="Harrison 2002">{{cite book |first1=Roy M. |last1=Harrison |author-link1=Roy M. Harrison |last2=Hester |first2=Ronald E. |date=2002 |title=Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |isbn=978-0-85404-265-4}}</ref>

<ref name="hbcp2000">{{cite book |author=Various |editor=David R. Lide |date=2000 |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition=81st |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-0481-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide}}</ref>

<ref name="heat loss">{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/JB086iB12p11535 |title=Oceans and Continents: Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms of Heat Loss |year=1981 |last1=Sclater |first1=John G |last2=Parsons |first2=Barry |last3=Jaupart |first3=Claude |author-link3=Claude Jaupart|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=86 |issue=B12 |page=11535 |bibcode=1981JGR....8611535S}}</ref>

<ref name=hess5_4_569>{{cite journal |last1=Bounama |first1=Christine |year=2001 |last2=Franck |first2=S. |last3=Von Bloh |first3=W. |s2cid=14024675 |title=The fate of Earth's ocean |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=569–575 |doi=10.5194/hess-5-569-2001 |bibcode=2001HESS....5..569B|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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<ref name=hessd4_439>{{cite journal |last1=Peel |first1=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |year=2007 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=439–473 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298818/file/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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<ref name=tanimoto_ahrens1995>{{cite book |last1=Tanimoto |first1=Toshiro |editor=Thomas J. Ahrens |date=1995 |chapter=Crustal Structure of the Earth |title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants |series=AGU Reference Shelf |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1029/RF001 |isbn=978-0-87590-851-9 |chapter-url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016194153/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2006 |access-date=3 February 2007 |bibcode=1995geph.conf.....A}}</ref>

<ref name=tp322_19>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X |title=Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle |year=2000 |last1=De Smet |first1=J. |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=322 |issue=1–2 |pages=19–33 |bibcode=2000Tectp.322...19D |last2=Van Den Berg |first2=A.P. |last3=Vlaar |first3=N.J. |hdl=1874/1653 |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/1653/1/desmet_etal_00.pdf}}</ref>

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<ref name=ucs>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |work=Nuclear Weapons & Global Security |publisher=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]] |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref>

<ref name=usno>{{cite web |title=Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011 |work=The Astronomical Almanac |url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826043456/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=25 February 2011}}</ref>

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<ref name=earthmass>{{cite web |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/phys_par.html |title=Planetary Physical Parameters |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |date=2008 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

<ref name=Narottam2008>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|id=i4kASIoKym8C|p=40}} |title=Climate Change and International Politics |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |first=Narottam |last=Gaan |page=40 |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7835-641-9}}</ref>
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