Dwight D. Eisenhower

=== End of presidency ===
The [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|22nd Amendment to the US Constitution]], which set a [[Term limits in the United States|two-term limit]] on the presidency, was ratified in 1951. Eisenhower was the first president constitutionally prevented from serving a third term.

Eisenhower was also the first outgoing president to come under the protection of the [[Former Presidents Act]]. Under the act, Eisenhower was entitled to a lifetime pension, state-provided staff and a [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] security detail.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 23, 2008|url=https://www.archives.gov/about/laws/former-presidents.html|title=Former Presidents Act|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614024342/http://www.archives.gov/about/laws/former-presidents.html|archive-date=June 14, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 election]] to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy."<ref name="time 2008" /> He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was, at 70, the oldest president to date, was succeeded by 43-year-old Kennedy, the youngest elected president.<ref name="time 2008" />

It was originally intended for Eisenhower to have a more active role in the campaign as he wanted to respond to attacks Kennedy made on his administration. However, First Lady Mamie Eisenhower expressed concern to Second Lady [[Pat Nixon]] about the strain campaigning would put on his heart, and wanted the president to withdraw, without letting him know of her intervention. Vice President Nixon himself was informed by White House physician Major General Howard Snyder that he could not approve a heavy campaign schedule for the president, whose health problems had been exacerbated by Kennedy's attacks. Nixon then convinced Eisenhower not to go ahead with the expanded campaign schedule and limit himself to the original schedule. Nixon reflected that if Eisenhower had carried out his expanded campaign schedule, he might have had a decisive impact on the outcome of the election, especially in states that Kennedy won with razor-thin margins. Mamie did not tell Dwight why Nixon changed his mind on Dwight's campaigning until years later.<ref>Nixon, Richard, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, 1978, pp. 222–223.</ref>

[[File:Eisenhower farewell address.ogg|right|thumb|Eisenhower's farewell address, January 17, 1961]]
On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the [[Oval Office]].<ref name=DDEFarewell>{{cite web|access-date=May 23, 2008 |url=http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/eisenhower-farewell.html |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower Farewell Address |publisher=USA Presidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513222105/http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/eisenhower-farewell.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref> In his [[Eisenhower's farewell address|farewell speech]], Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method&nbsp;..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals. He continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."<ref name=DDEFarewell /> Eisenhower elaborated, "we recognize the imperative need for this development&nbsp;... the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist&nbsp;... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."<ref name=DDEFarewell />

Because of legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower had resigned his permanent commission as [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] before assuming the presidency. Upon completion of his presidential term, his commission was reactivated by Congress.<ref name=post/><ref>{{cite web|title=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, A Chronology from The New York Times, March 1961 |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/New+York+Times+Chronology/1961/March.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503063950/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/New+York+Times+Chronology/1961/March.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 3, 2006 |date=March 23, 1961 |access-date=May 30, 2009 |quote=Mr. Kennedy signed into law the act of Congress restoring the five-star rank of General of the Army to his predecessor, Dwight D. Eisenhower. (15:5) }}</ref>