Catholic Church

==Liturgy==
{{Main|Catholic liturgy}}
[[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]]
Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}</ref> In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], <!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation-->"a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''".<!--end quote--><ref name="CCEO28">[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM "''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&nbsp;1"]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: "''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''." (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).</ref>

The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}</ref> Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases.

===Western rites===
{{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}<!--sidebar anchor-->
{{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}}
The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}</ref> The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an "extraordinary form" (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' ("older use"), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html|title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops|date=7 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html|archive-date=29 September 2010}} "The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted."—Pope Benedict XVI</ref> An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form ("the ''forma ordinaria''" and "the ''forma extraordinaria''").<ref name="Universae Ecclesiae">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>

The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.<ref name=Kreeft326/> Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.<ref name=MPTC>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-07/pope-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes-1962-roman-missal-liturgy.html|title=New norms regarding use of 1962 Roman Missal: Bishops given greater responsibility|work=Vatican News|location=[[Vatican City]]|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

<!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]-->
Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''<ref name="Anglicanorum Coetibus">{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''"Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church"|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called "Divine Worship" or, less formally, "Ordinariate Use",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,<ref group="note">The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the "Anglican Use" variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.</ref> an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders.

In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}</ref> Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> and those of some religious institutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>

===Eastern rites===
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}}
[[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in India, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]]
The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.<ref>{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See "Eastern Catholic Churches"; In part: <!--quote-->"The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites"<!--end quote--></ref>

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the "accurate observance" of their liturgical tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}</ref> In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}</ref> Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>