Texas

==Healthcare==
{{main|Healthcare in Texas}}
{{see also|List of hospitals in Texas}}

Notwithstanding the concentration of elite medical centers in the state, [[The Commonwealth Fund]] ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation.<ref name="insurancenet">{{cite web |last=Perotin |first=Maria M. |title=Texas is Near Bottom of Healthcare Rankings |website=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date=June 13, 2007 |url=http://www.insurancenewsnet.com/article.asp?a=top_lh&id=80824 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302104007/https://www.insurancenewsnet.com/article.asp?a=top_lh&id=80824 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=April 22, 2008 }}</ref> Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity.<ref name="insurancenet" /> In May 2006, Texas initiated the program "code red" in response to the report the state had 25.1 percent of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation.<ref name="codered">{{cite web|title=Code Red: The Critical Condition of Health in Texas |url=http://www.coderedtexas.org/ |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021439/http://www.coderedtexas.org/ |archive-date=May 12, 2008 }}</ref>

The [[Trust for America's Health]] ranked Texas 15th highest in adult [[obesity]]: 27.2 percent of the state's population is obese.<ref name="healthyamericans">{{cite web |title=Texas |website=State Data |publisher=Trust for America's Health |year=2008 |url=http://healthyamericans.org/states/states.php?measure=highschooloverweight&sort=data |access-date=October 14, 2008 |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124245/http://healthyamericans.org/states/states.php?measure=highschooloverweight&sort=data |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2008 [[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]] obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America: Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] 14th.<ref name="obese2">{{cite web |title=America's Fittest Cities 2007 |website=Men's Health |year=2008 |url=http://www.mensfitness.com/city_rankings/462 |access-date=April 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313161801/http://www.mensfitness.com/city_rankings/462<!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=March 13, 2008}}</ref> Texas had only one city (Austin, ranked 21st) in the top 25 "fittest cities" in America.<ref name="obese2" /> The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise according to a 2007 study.<ref>[http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise Statemaster.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise |date=May 13, 2013 }}, Accessed May 16, 2007</ref>

Texas has the [[Maternal Healthcare System in Texas|highest maternal mortality rate]] in the developed world, and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy-related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014, to 23.8 per 100,000—a rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/20/texas-maternal-mortality-rate-health-clinics-funding|title=Texas has highest maternal mortality rate in developed world, study finds|last=Redden|first=Molly|date=August 20, 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref> In May 2021, the state legislature passed the [[Texas Heartbeat Act]], which banned [[abortion]] from as early as six weeks of pregnancy, except to save the life of the mother. The Act allows private citizens to sue abortion providers and anyone else who assists in an abortion, except for the woman on whom the abortion is performed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abortion: Texas governor signs restrictive new law |work=BBC News |date=May 19, 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57177224 |access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Answers to Questions About the Texas Abortion Law |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/health/texas-abortion-law-facts.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/health/texas-abortion-law-facts.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=September 2, 2021 |agency=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 1, 2021|last1=Rabin |first1=Roni Caryn }}{{cbignore}}</ref> On August 25, 2022, another law took effect that made committing abortion at any stage of pregnancy a felony punishable by life in prison.<ref name="nprTL">{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/22/1118635642/abortion-trigger-ban-tennessee-idaho-texas | title=3 more states are poised to enact abortion trigger bans this week | website=[[NPR]]| date=August 22, 2022 | last1=Kim | first1=Juliana }}</ref>

===Medical research===
[[File:Texas medical center sundown.jpg|thumb|The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston]]
Texas has many elite research medical centers. The state has 15 [[List of colleges and universities in Texas#Health science|medical schools]],<ref name="MedicalSchools">{{cite web |title=Texas Medical Schools and Hospitals |publisher=Texas Medical Association |date=August 3, 2006 |url=http://www.texmed.org/Template.aspx?id=86 |access-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> four dental schools,<ref name="dentalschool">{{cite news |url=http://www.dentist.net/dentalschools.asp |title=Dental Schools in the United States |access-date=October 31, 2008 |newspaper=Dentist.net|last1=Net |first1=Dentist }}</ref> and two [[optometry]] schools.<ref name="optometry">{{cite web |url=http://www.aoa.org/x12702.xml |title=Accreditation Council on Optometric Education |access-date=December 26, 2011 |publisher=American Optometric Association |archive-date=January 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105005827/http://www.aoa.org/x12702.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Texas has two [[Biosafety Level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratories: one at [[The University of Texas Medical Branch]] (UTMB) in Galveston,<ref name="biosafety4">{{cite web|url=http://www.bioscrypt.com/news/press/item-728/ |date=October 14, 2004 |title=University Selects Bioscrypt for Biosafety Level 4 Lab |publisher=Bioscrypt |access-date=April 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117074008/http://www.bioscrypt.com/news/press/item-728/ |archive-date=November 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the other at the [[Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research]] in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.<ref name="biosafety4_2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfbr.org/pages/about_resources2.php |title=Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) Laboratory |publisher=Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research |access-date=April 29, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629233704/http://www.sfbr.org/pages/about_resources2.php |archive-date=June 29, 2007 }}</ref>

The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with over 50 member institutions.<ref name="TexasMC">{{cite web |title=About the Texas Medical Center |publisher=The Texas Medical Center |access-date=April 11, 2009 |url=http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/AboutTMC/About+the+TMC.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810221035/http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/AboutTMC/About+the+TMC.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 10, 2007 }}</ref> Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.<ref name="HeartTransplants">{{cite web |title=Background Statistics > People and Politics (most recent) by state |publisher=State Master |date=May 8, 2008 |url=http://www.statemaster.com/graph/bac_bac-background-people-and-politics |access-date=May 8, 2008 |archive-date=May 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503125428/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/bac_bac-background-people-and-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]] in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.<ref name="MDAnderson">{{cite web |title=About MD Anderson |publisher=[[The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]] |url=http://www.mdanderson.org/about_mda/ |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424201445/http://www.mdanderson.org/about_mda/ |archive-date=April 24, 2008 }}</ref>

San Antonio's [[South Texas Medical Center]] facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States.<ref name="UTSAFactsheet">{{cite web |date=April 3, 2007 |title=Health Science Center ranks sixth in clinical medicine |edition=7 |volume=XL |publisher=University of Texas Health Science Center |url=http://www.uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat.asp?newID=2353 |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309051019/http://uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat.asp?newID=2353 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[UTHSCSA|University of Texas Health Science Center]] is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.<ref name="DentalSchool">{{cite web |title=International report gives Dental School high marks |work=HSC NEWS |access-date=May 15, 2008 |url=http://www.uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat.asp?newID=1742 |archive-date=December 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227030845/http://www.uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat.asp?newID=1742 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tmedicialcenter2">{{cite web |title=Medical center's research ranks high |work=San Antonio Express-News |access-date=May 15, 2008 |url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/MYSA040407_medical_center_EN_2dc65c3e_html751.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208194147/http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/MYSA040407_medical_center_EN_2dc65c3e_html751.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2012}}</ref>

Both the [[American Heart Association]] and the [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center]] call Dallas home.<ref name="UTSWAboutUs">{{cite web|title=About UT Southwestern |publisher=University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center |url=http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/home/about/index.html |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509062317/http://utsouthwestern.edu/home/about/index.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 }}</ref> The [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical School|institution's medical school]] employs the most medical school [[Nobel laureates]] in the world.<ref name="UTSWAboutUs" /><ref name="UTSWFactsheet">{{cite web|title=UT Southwestern Fact Sheet |publisher=University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center |year=2008 |url=http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/vgn/images/portal/cit_56417/43/32/2800592006_Fact_Sheet.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413194108/http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/vgn/images/portal/cit_56417/43/32/2800592006_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref>

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