Argentina

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Argentine literature}}
[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. '''Top-left to bottom-right''': [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]]
Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence with [[Esteban Echeverría]]'s ''El Matadero'', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]] landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]]' ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' and the elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]'s masterpiece, ''[[Facundo]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}

The [[Modernist literature|Modernist]] movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo Güiraldes]]'s ''[[Don Segundo Sombra]]'' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}

[[Jorge Luis Borges]], Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''[[Ficciones]]'' and ''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'' are among his most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''[[The Invention of Morel]]''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]], one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}}

A remarkable episode in Argentine literary history is the social and literarial dialectica between the so-called [[:es:Grupo Florida|Florida Group]], named this way because its members used to meet together at the [[:es: Confitería Richmond|Richmond Cafeteria]] at Florida street and published in the [[:es:Martín Fierro (Revista)|''Martin Fierro'']] magazine, like [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[:es: Leopoldo Marechal|Leopoldo Marechal]], [[:es:Antonio Berni|Antonio Berni]] (artist), among others; versus the [[:es:Grupo Boedo|Boedo Group]] of [[Roberto Arlt]],
[[:es:Cesar Tiempo|Cesar Tiempo]],
[[:es:Homero Manzi|Homero Manzi]] (tango composer), that used to meet at the
[[:es:Café El Japonés|Japanese Cafe]] and published their works with the [[:es: Editorial Claridad|Editorial Claridad]], with both the cafe and the publisher located at Boedo Avenue.

Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Martínez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]], [[Ernesto Sábato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo Walsh]], [[María Elena Walsh]], [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]], [[Manuel Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66, 85, 97–121|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=43|3a1=Díaz Alejandro|3y=1970|3pp=22, 91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51–54}}