Zimbabwe

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Zimbabwe}}
[[File:THE ROOF IS THE LIMIT.jpg|thumb|Cultural event in Zimbabwe]]
Zimbabwe has many different cultures, with Shona beliefs and ceremonies being prominent. The Shona people have many types of sculptures and carvings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofmbiramusic00berl|url-access=registration|quote=zimbabwe shona.|title=The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe|last=Berliner|first=Paul|date=June 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226043791|language=en}}</ref>

Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980.<ref name="indepday">{{cite book|last=Owomoyela|first=Oyekan|year=2002|title=Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00owom/page/77 77]|isbn=978-0-313-31583-1|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00owom/page/77}}</ref> Celebrations are held at either the [[National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)|National Sports Stadium]] or [[Rufaro Stadium]] in Harare. The first independence celebrations were held in 1980 at the Zimbabwe Grounds. At these celebrations, doves are released to symbolise peace, fighter jets fly over, and the [[National Anthem of Zimbabwe|national anthem]] is sung. The flame of independence is lit by the president after parades by the presidential family and members of the armed forces of Zimbabwe. The president also gives a speech to the people of Zimbabwe which is televised for those unable to attend the stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kas.de/proj/home/home/35/2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010093006/http://www.kas.de/proj/home/home/35/2/|archive-date=10 October 2006|title=Zimbabwe Celebrates 25 years of Independence|access-date=6 January 2008|publisher=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung}}</ref> Zimbabwe also has a national beauty pageant, the [[Miss Heritage Zimbabwe]] contest, which has been held annually since 2012.

===Arts===
{{Main|Zimbabwean art}}
{{see also|Music of Zimbabwe}}
[[File:Reconciliation Amos Supuni Woerden.jpg|thumb|upright|"Reconciliation", a [[stone sculpture]] by [[Amos Supuni]]]]
Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include [[pottery]], [[Basket weaving|basketry]], textiles, jewellery and carving. Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood. Shona sculpture, which has a long cultural history, began evolving into its modern form in the mid 20th century and gained increasing international popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-06 |title=Art of Zimbabwe: Shona Sculpture - The Sculpture Park |url=https://www.thesculpturepark.com/shona-sculpture/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Default Store View |language=en}}</ref> Most subjects of carved figures of stylised birds and human figures among others are made with sedimentary rock such as [[soapstone]], as well as harder igneous rocks such as [[Serpentine subgroup|serpentine]] and the rare stone [[Serpentinite|verdite]]. Zimbabwean artefacts can be found in countries like Singapore, China and Canada. e.g. [[Dominic Benhura]]'s statue in the [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]].

Shona sculpture has survived through the ages, and the modern style is a fusion of African folklore with European influences. World-renowned Zimbabwean sculptors include Nicholas Nesbert and Anderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi and Locardia Ndandarika.

Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad. [[Charles Mungoshi]] is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in Shona, and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zimbabwe.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=5752|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016092853/http://zimbabwe.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=5752|archive-date=16 October 2007|title=Charles Mungoshi|publisher=Zimbabwe – Poetry International Web}}</ref> [[Catherine Buckle]] has achieved international recognition with her two books ''African Tears'' and ''Beyond Tears'' which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 Land Reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africantears.netfirms.com/beyondtears.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030001000/http://africantears.netfirms.com/beyondtears.htm|archive-date=30 October 2007|title=Tribute to Cathy Buckle|access-date=2 November 2007}}</ref> The first [[Prime Minister of Rhodesia]], Ian Smith, wrote two books – ''[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith|The Great Betrayal]]'' and ''[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith|Bitter Harvest]].'' The book ''[[The House of Hunger]]'' by [[Dambudzo Marechera]] won the [[Guardian Fiction Prize]] in the UK in 1979.<ref>[http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/Guardian+Fiction+Prize "Book awards: Guardian Fiction Prize"], Library Thing.</ref> The Nobel Prize-winning author [[Doris Lessing]]'s first novel ''[[The Grass Is Singing]]'' is set in Rhodesia, as are the first four volumes of her ''[[Children of Violence]]'' sequence and her collection of short stories entitled ''African Stories''. In 2013 [[NoViolet Bulawayo]]'s novel ''[[We Need New Names]]'' was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]]. The novel was inspired by a photograph of a child who lost their home in [[Operation Murambatsvina]], Mugabe's slum clearance programme which began in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/15/we-need-new-names-noviolet-bulawayo-guardian-first-book-award |title=We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo |work=The Guardian |author=Guardian first book award 2013 |date=15 November 2013 |accessdate=1 July 2023}}</ref> Bulawayo's second novel, ''[[Glory (Bulawayo novel)|Glory]]'', a satire based on the [[2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état|2017 coup]] against [[Robert Mugabe]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Glory by NoViolet Bulawayo review – a Zimbabwean Animal Farm|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/mar/23/glory-by-noviolet-bulawayo-review-a-zimbabwean-animal-farm|first=Sarah|last=Ladipo Manyika|author-link=Sarah Ladipo Manyika|date=23 March 2022|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=1 July 2023|language=en}}</ref> was also shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Zimbabwean author [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]]'s novels have received widespread critical acclaim and her third, ''[[This Mournable Body]]'', was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 2020.

Notable Zimbabwean artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa. A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karaart.com/collections/shona/origins3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001001084811/http://karaart.com/collections/shona/origins3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 1 October 2000 |title=Cultural Origins of art |access-date=6 January 2008 }}</ref> Zimbabwean musicians like [[Thomas Mapfumo]], [[Oliver Mtukudzi]], the [[Bhundu Boys]]; [[Stella Chiweshe]], [[Alick Macheso]] and [[Audius Mtawarira]] have achieved international recognition. Among members of the white minority community, Theatre has a large following, with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe's urban areas.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/African-theatre-art/Southern-and-South-Africa|title=African theatre – Southern and South Africa {{!}} art|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=19 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Goat Offal.JPG|thumb|A meal of ''sadza'' ''(right)'', greens, and goat [[offal]]. The goat's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking.]]
Like in many African countries, the majority of Zimbabweans depend on a few staple foods. "Mealie meal", also known as [[cornmeal]], is used to prepare ''[[Ugali|sadza]]'' or ''isitshwala'', as well as [[porridge]] known as ''bota'' or ''ilambazi''. ''Sadza'' is made by mixing the cornmeal with water to produce a thick paste/porridge. After the paste has been cooking for several minutes, more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste. This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner, usually with sides such as gravy, vegetables (spinach, [[chomolia]], or [[spring greens]]/collard greens), beans, and meat (stewed, grilled, roasted, or sundried). ''Sadza'' is also commonly eaten with curdled milk ([[Soured milk|sour milk]]), commonly known as "lacto" (''mukaka wakakora''), or dried [[Kapenta|Tanganyika sardine]], known locally as ''kapenta'' or ''matemba''. ''Bota'' is a thinner porridge, cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with peanut butter, milk, butter, or jam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zambuko.com/mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/culture/sadza_text.html | publisher=Zambuko.com |title=Sadza ne Nyama: A Shona Staple Dish |access-date=3 November 2007}}</ref> ''Bota'' is usually eaten for breakfast.

Graduations, weddings, and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow, which will be barbecued or roasted by the family.

[[File:Boerewors raw.jpg|thumb|Raw ''[[boerewors]]'']]
Even though the Afrikaners are a small group (10%) within the white minority group, Afrikaner recipes are popular. ''[[Biltong]]'', a type of jerky, is a popular snack, prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephanie Hanes|title=Biltong: much more than just a snack|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=20 September 2006|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0920/p13s01-lifo.html|access-date=3 October 2006}}</ref> ''Boerewors'' is served with ''sadza''. It is a long sausage, often well-spiced, composed of beef rather than pork, and barbecued.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

As Zimbabwe was a British colony, some people there have adopted some colonial-era English eating habits. For example, most people will have porridge in the morning, as well as 10 o'clock tea (midday tea). They will have lunch, often leftovers from the night before, freshly cooked ''sadza'', or sandwiches (which is more common in the cities). After lunch, there is usually 4 o'clock tea (afternoon tea), which is served before dinner. It is not uncommon for tea to be had after dinner.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Rice, pasta, and [[Potato production in Zimbabwe|potato-based foods]] (French fries and mashed potato) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine. A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter, which is taken with thick gravy, mixed vegetables and meat.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} A potpourri of peanuts known as ''nzungu'', boiled and sundried maize, black-eyed peas known as ''nyemba'', and [[Vigna subterranea|Bambara groundnuts]] known as ''nyimo'' makes a traditional dish called ''mutakura''.

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Zimbabwe}}
[[File:Canada wins Zimbabwe in Rio Olympics 07.jpg|thumb|[[Zimbabwe women's national football team]] at the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2016 Olympic Games]]]]
Football ''(also known as soccer)'' is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Alao |first1=Abiodun |author1-link=Abiodun Alao |last2=Tofa |first2=Moses |author2-link=Moses Tofa |editor1-last=Falola |editor1-first=Toyin |editor1-link=Toyin Falola |editor2-last=Jean-Jacques |editor2-first=Daniel |editor2-link=Daniel Jean-Jacques |encyclopedia=Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 Volumes] |title=Zimbabwe |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ |page=1316}} |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1598846652 |pages=1305–1326}}</ref> [[Zimbabwe national football team|The Warriors]] have qualified for the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] five times (2004, 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021), and won the [[COSAFA Cup|Southern Africa championship]] on six occasions (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018) and the [[CECAFA Cup|Eastern Africa cup]] once (1985). The team is ranked 68th in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Men's Ranking |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=www.fifa.com |language=en }}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Rugby union]] is a significant sport in Zimbabwe. [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team|The national side]] have represented the country at 2 [[Rugby World Cup]] tournaments in 1987 and 1991.<ref>{{cite web |last=worldrugby.org |title=World Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/tournaments/rankings/mru}}</ref>

[[Cricket]] is also a very popular sport in Zimbabwe. It used to have a following mostly among the white minority, but it has recently grown to become a widely popular sport among most Zimbabweans.<ref>{{cite web |last=VOA News |title=Black Cricket's Spiritual Home in Zimbabwe Becomes International Venue for Game|date=2 July 2023 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/black-cricket-s-spiritual-home-in-zimbabwe-becomes-international-venue-for-game/7164431.html}}</ref> It is one of twelve [[Test cricket]] playing nations and an [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] full member as well. Notable cricket players from Zimbabwe include [[Andy Flower]], [[Heath Streak]] and [[Brendan Taylor]].

Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals, one in [[field hockey]] [[Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team|with the women's team]] at the [[Zimbabwe at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow, and seven by swimmer [[Kirsty Coventry]], three at the [[Zimbabwe at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Summer Olympics]] and four at the [[Zimbabwe at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Summer Olympics]]. Zimbabwe has done well in the [[Commonwealth Games]] and [[All-Africa Games]] in swimming with Coventry obtaining 11 gold medals in the different competitions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |title=2004 Olympic Games swimming results |access-date=22 July 2007 |publisher=CNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509051921/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |archive-date=9 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |title=Montreal 2005 Results|access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070128064425/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |archive-date = 28 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php|title=12th FINA World Championships|access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070606111744/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php |archive-date = 6 June 2007}}</ref> Zimbabwe has competed at [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] and the [[Davis Cup]] in tennis, most notably with the Black family, which comprises [[Wayne Black]], [[Byron Black]] and [[Cara Black]]. The Zimbabwean [[Nick Price]] held the official World Number 1 golf status longer than any player from Africa has done.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gold |first=Jack Of |url=http://www.freetv4africa.co.uk/2012/05/africa-punching-above-its-weight-in.html |title=Africa punching above it's &#91;sic&#93; weight in golf |publisher=Free TV 4 Africa |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110629/http://www.freetv4africa.co.uk/2012/05/africa-punching-above-its-weight-in.html |archive-date=8 February 2013 }}</ref>

Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, [[netball]], and [[water polo]], as well as [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[motorsport]], martial arts, [[chess]], cycling, [[polocrosse]], [[kayaking]] and [[horse racing]]. However, most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level.

Zimbabwean professional [[rugby league]] players playing overseas are [[Masimbaashe Motongo]] and [[Judah Mazive]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/hull-fc-masimbaashe-matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|title=From Zimbabwe to Hull FC: Masimbaashe Matongo's 'dream' journey is just beginning|date=17 November 2015|newspaper=Hull Daily Mail|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200610/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Hull-FC-Masimbaashe-Matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|title=Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England|newspaper=Zimbabwe Today|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154539/http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Former players include now [[SANZAAR]] CEO [[Andy Marinos]] who made an appearance for [[South Africa national rugby league team|South Africa]] at the [[Super League World Nines]] and featured for the [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs|Sydney Bulldogs]] as well as Zimbabwe-born former [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland rugby union international]] [[Scott Gray (rugby union)|Scott Gray]], who spent time at the [[Brisbane Broncos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.superxv.com/south-africas-marinos-appointed-new-sanzar-ceo/|title=South Africa's Marinos appointed new SANZAR CEO – Super Rugby – Super 18 Rugby and Rugby Championship News, Results and Fixtures from Super XV Rugby|date=23 November 2015|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref>

Zimbabwe has had success in karate as Zimbabwe's [[Samson Muripo]] became [[Kyokushin]] world champion in Osaka, Japan in 2009. Muripo is a two-time World Kyokushi Karate Champion and was the first black African to become the World Kyokushin Karate Champion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The making of Samson Muripo {{!}} The Standard|date=22 October 2017|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2017/10/22/making-samson-muripo/|access-date=2021-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Media===
The [[Mass media in Zimbabwe|media of Zimbabwe]] is now once again diverse, having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the economic and political crisis. The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression. Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is facing less political interference, and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court strikes down repressive media legislation|url=http://cpj.org/2003/05/supreme-court-strikes-down-repressive-media-legisl.php|website=Committee to Protect Journalist|date=7 May 2003}}</ref> In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media, Information and Publicity stated that, "the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe".<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|author=Williams, Jon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2009/07/resuming_operations_in_zimbabw.html |title=Resuming operations in Zimbabwe |publisher=BBC |date= 29 July 2009}}</ref>

In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive, power-sharing government. In May 2010 the commission licensed three privately owned newspapers, including the previously banned ''[[Daily News (Harare)|Daily News]]'', for publication.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64P5NX20100526 |title=Zimbabwe licenses new private newspapers |work=Reuters |date=26 May 2010|author=Banya, Nelson }}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] described the decisions as a "major advance".<ref name="IFEX">[http://www.ifex.org/zimbabwe/2010/05/28/licences_granted/ "independent dailies allowed to resume publishing"], ''[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]]'', 28 May 2010.</ref> In June 2010 ''[[NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)|NewsDay]]'' became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years.<ref name="Reuter">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE65312720100604 |title=Zimbabwe gets first private daily newspaper in years |work=Reuters |date=4 June 2010|author=Chinaka, Cris }}</ref> [[ZBC TV|ZBC]]'s monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finally, Zimbabwe's 'private' radio station goes on air |url=http://www.zimeye.org/finally-zimbabwes-private-radio-station-goes-on-air/ |publisher=zimeye.org |date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725060843/http://www.zimeye.org/finally-zimbabwes-private-radio-station-goes-on-air/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> The main published newspapers are [[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|''The Herald'']] and [[The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)|''The Chronicle'']] which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively.

Since the [[Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Zimbabwe)|2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act]] was passed, a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government, including ''Daily News'' whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential ''[[The Zimbabwean]]''.<ref name="rwb" /><ref name="cgmg">Ruzengwe, Blessing  (17 March 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060301060504/http://cgmg.jour.city.ac.uk/news.php?story=249 "The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga"], ''The London Globe'' via ''[[Metrovox]]''.</ref> As a result, many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by exiled Zimbabweans. Because the internet is unrestricted, many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists.<ref name="fh">{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |title=Freedom House 2007 Map of Press Freedom: Zimbabwe |publisher=Freedomhouse.org |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227144203/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reporters Without Borders claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves "surveillance, threats, imprisonment, censorship, blackmail, abuse of power and denial of justice are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news."<ref name="rwb" /> In its 2021 report, Reporters Without Borders ranked the Zimbabwean media as 130th out of 180, noting that "access to information has improved and self-censorship has declined, but journalists are still often attacked or arrested".<ref name="rwb">{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/zimbabwe |title=Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index |publisher=Reports Without Borders |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe, including the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], Sky News, [[Channel 4]], [[American Broadcasting Company]], [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], and [[Fox News]]. News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===National symbols===
[[File:Zimbabwe Bird.svg|thumb|upright|Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design]]
The stone-carved [[Zimbabwe Bird]] appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia, as well as on [[Rhodesian dollar|banknotes]] and coins (first on [[Coins of the Rhodesian pound|Rhodesian pound]] and then [[Coins of the Rhodesian dollar|Rhodesian dollar]]). It probably represents the [[Bateleur|bateleur eagle]] or the [[African fish eagle]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe|journal=African Arts|year=1985|volume=18|pages=68–73, 99–100|author=Huffman, Thomas N.|jstor=3336358|issue=3|doi=10.2307/3336358}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin|year=2001|volume=56|pages=105–106|author=Sinclair, Paul |jstor=3889033|issue=173/174|doi=10.2307/3889033}}</ref> The famous soapstone bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Zimbabwe|url=http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809145423/http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html|archive-date=9 August 2007|author=Landow, George P.|publisher=Brown University}}</ref>

[[Balancing Rocks|Balancing rocks]] are geological formations all over Zimbabwe. The rocks are perfectly balanced without other supports. They are created when ancient granite intrusions are exposed to weathering, as softer rocks surrounding them erode away. They have been depicted on both the [[banknotes of Zimbabwe]] and the Rhodesian dollar banknotes. The ones found on the current notes of Zimbabwe, named the Banknote Rocks, are located in [[Epworth, Zimbabwe|Epworth]], approximately {{convert|9|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} southeast of Harare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.fortunecity.com/madzimbabwe/Buildings/Natural/Balancing%20Rocks/BalancingRocks.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817012750/http://members.fortunecity.com/madzimbabwe/Buildings/Natural/Balancing%20Rocks/BalancingRocks.html|archive-date=17 August 2009|title=Balancing Rocks|access-date=15 November 2007}}</ref> There are many different formations of the rocks, incorporating single and paired columns of three or more rocks. These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to Sudan. The most notable formations in Zimbabwe are located in the Matobo National Park in Matabeleland.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe {{!}} History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

The [[national anthem of Zimbabwe]] is "Raise the Flag of Zimbabwe" ({{Lang-sn|Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe}}; {{Lang-nd|Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe}}). It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace {{Lang|sn|[[Ishe Komborera Africa]]}} as a distinctly Zimbabwean song. The winning entry was a song written by Professor [[Solomon Mutswairo]] and composed by Fred Changundega. It has been translated into all three of the main languages of Zimbabwe.<ref name="britannica.com"/>