Yoruba people

=== The Yoruba diaspora ===
{{See also|Yoruba American|Nigerian American|Nigerian diaspora|British Nigerian|Nigerians in Ireland|Nigerian Australian}}

[[File:African Languages Spoken in American Households.jpg|thumb|350px|right|African Languages Spoken in American Households (2019)<ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/mdat/#/search?ds=ACSPUMS1Y2022&rv=LANP&wt=PWGTP|title=African languages spoken in American Households, 2020. |publisher= United States Census Bureau}}</ref>]]
Yoruba people or descendants can be found all over the world especially in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Latin America, and the [[Caribbean]] (especially in Cuba).<ref name="gender">{{cite book|author1=Judith Ann-Marie Byfield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6_aWWN5aoUC&q=Yoruba+slaves+Brazil&pg=PA145|title=Gendering the African Diaspora: Women, Culture, and Historical Change in the Caribbean and Nigerian Hinterland (Blacks in the diaspora): Slavery in Yorubaland|author2=LaRay Denzer|author3=Anthea Morrison|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35416-7|page=145}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite book|author=Andrew Apter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxIaBwAAQBAJ&q=Yoruba+people+Brazil+Cuba&pg=PA101|title=Activating the Past: History and Memory in the Black Atlantic World|author2=Lauren Derby|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-1790-5|page=101}}</ref><ref name=pedia>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pY8YAAAAIAAJ&q=Nago+Lucumi+Yoruba+United+States|title=Encyclopedia of Black studies|page=481|author=Molefi K. Asante|author2=Ama Mazama|date=26 December 2006|publisher=Sage Publications; University of Michigan|isbn=978-0-7619-2762-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Penn Language center |title=Yoruba |url=https://plc.sas.upenn.edu/yoruba |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> Significant Yoruba communities can be found in South America and Australia.

[[File:Comemoração ao Dia da Consciência Negra (37656419255).jpg|thumb|left|180px|Commemoration of Black consciousness, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]]
In the United States, similar to its status on the African continent, the Yoruba language is the most spoken African [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] language by native speakers. It is the most spoken African language in; Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas and West Virginia. It constitutes the second largest African linguistic community in; Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Washington, D.C. with over 207,000 speakers in 2022.<ref name="United States Census Bureau"/>

The migration of Yoruba people all over the world has led to  a spread of the Yoruba culture across the globe. Yoruba people have historically been spread around the globe by the combined forces of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]<ref name="saunders">{{cite book|author=Nicholas J. Saunders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNbqUR_IoOMC&pg=PA209|title=The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archeology and Traditional Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-701-6|page=209}}</ref><ref name=cabrera>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i5ZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |title=Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity Envisioning Cuba |author=Edna M. Rodríguez-Plate |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8078-7628-2 |page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFpiCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |title=African Traditional Religion in the Modern World |page=258 |author=Douglas E. Thomas |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7864-9607-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJ3vI7ryh8cC&pg=PA134 |title=Yoruba Creativity: Fiction, Language, Life and Songs |author1=Toyin Falola |author2=Ann Genova |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59221-336-8 |page=134}}</ref> and voluntary self migration.<ref name="nicholas">{{Cite book |author=Nicholas J. Saunders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNbqUR_IoOMC&pg=PA209 |title=The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archeology and Traditional Culture |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57607-701-6 |page=209}}</ref> Their exact population outside Africa is unknown. Yorubas are overrepresented in the genetic studies of [[African Americans]] and are not the largest contributors of African American DNA by any means.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Jackson |first1= Fatimah |date= 2021|title= So many Nigerians: why is Nigeria overrepresented as the ancestral genetic homeland of Legacy African North Americans? |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics |volume= 108|issue= 1|pages= 202–208|doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.10.010|pmid= 33321100 |pmc= 7820629 }}</ref> In their Atlantic world domains, the Yorubas were known by the designations: "[[Nagos]]/Anago", "Terranova", "[[Lucumí people#Demographics|Lucumi]]" and "[[Oku people (Sierra Leone)|Aku]]", or by the names of their various clans.

The Yoruba left an important presence in Cuba and Brazil,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwcdAQAAMAAJ |title=Orient Occident. News of Unesco's Major Project on Mutual Appreciation of Eastern and Western Cultural Values, Volumes 5–8|page=9|publisher=UNESCO (University of Michigan)|year=1962}}</ref> particularly in [[Havana]] and [[Bahia]].<ref name=urban>{{cite book |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx0F6zZUfwC&pg=PA50 |title=Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade (The Early Modern Americas) |author1=Jorge Canizares-Esguerra |author2=Matt D. Childs|author3=James Sidbury |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8122-0813-9 |page=50}}</ref> According to a 19th-century report, "the Yoruba are, still today, the most numerous and influential in this state of [[Bahia]].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite book|author1=[[Melvin Ember]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA318|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World|author2=[[Carol R. Ember]]|author3=Ian Skoggard|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2004|isbn=978-0-306-4832-19|page=318}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg1yAAAAMAAJ&q=yoruba+people+diaspora+demographics+population+in+south+america|title=African Studies for the 21st Century|author=Jacob U. Gordon|publisher=Nova Science Publishers (University of Michigan)|year=2004|isbn=978-1-594-5410-32|page=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owVmcTlC-oIC&q=Yoruba+slaves+Brazil&pg=PA24|page=24|isbn=978-0-8263-4051-1|title=From Slavery to Freedom in Brazil: Bahia, 1835–1900 (Dialogos Series)|author=Dale Torston Graden|year=2006|publisher=The University of New Mexico}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsCYBgAAQBAJ&q=Yoruba+in+Bahia|title=The Development of Yoruba Candomble Communities in Salvador, Bahia, 1835–1986 Afro-Latin@ Diasporas|author=Miguel C. Alonso|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2014|isbn=978-1-137-48643-1}}</ref> The most numerous are those from [[Oyo-Ile|Oyo]], capital of the Yoruba kingdom".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novaera.blog.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=6:candomble&id=17:presenca-dos-iorubas-no-conjunto-de-influencias-africanas-no-brasil&Itemid=2 |title=Presence of the Yoruba African influences in Brazil |language=pt |website=Nova Era |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108013848/http://www.novaera.blog.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=6:candomble&id=17:presenca-dos-iorubas-no-conjunto-de-influencias-africanas-no-brasil&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The diaspora of speakers of Yoruba, 1650–1865: Dimensions and implications|journal=Topoi|url=http://www.revistatopoi.org/numeros_anteriores/topoi13/Topoi%2013_artigo%201.pdf|year=2006|volume=7|number=13|author=David Eltis|language=pt|access-date=1 May 2014|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116143350/http://www.revistatopoi.org/numeros_anteriores/topoi13/Topoi%2013_artigo%201.pdf}}</ref> Others included Ijexa ([[Ijesha]]), [[Lucumí people|Lucumi]], Ota ([[Awori tribe|Aworis]]), [[Candomblé Ketu|Ketus]], Ekitis, Jebus ([[Ijebu Kingdom|Ijebu]]), Egba, Lucumi Ecumacho ([[Ogbomosho]]), and [[Nagos|Anagos]]. In the documents dating from 1816 to 1850, Yorubas constituted 69.1% of all slaves whose ethnic origins were known, constituting 82.3% of all slaves from the [[Bight of Benin]]. The proportion of slaves from West-Central Africa (Angola – Congo) dropped drastically to just 14.7%.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk1Tbdsq99gC|title=The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Blacks in the Diaspora)|author1=Toyin Falola|author2=Matt D. Childs|publisher=Indiana University Press, 2005|isbn=978-0-253-00301-0|date=2 May 2005}}</ref>

Between 1831 and 1852, the African-born slave and free population of [[Salvador, Bahia]] surpassed that of free Brazil born Creoles. Meanwhile, between 1808 and 1842 an average of 31.3% of African-born freed persons had been [[Nagos]] (Yoruba). Between 1851 and 1884, the number had risen to a dramatic 73.9%.

Other areas that received a significant number of Yoruba people and are sites of Yoruba influence are: [[The Bahamas]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Grenada]], [[Santa Margarita, Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Belize]], [[Guyana]], [[Haiti]], [[Jamaica]]<ref name="Jamaica">{{cite book|author=Olive Senior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URx7AAAAMAAJ&q=yoruba+slaves+in+jamaica|title=Encyclopedia of Jamaican Heritage|publisher=University of Michigan (Twin Guinep Publishers)|year=2003 |isbn=978-976-8007-14-8|page=343}}</ref> (where they settled and established such places as Abeokuta, Naggo head in [[Portmore, Jamaica|Portmore]], and by their hundreds in other parishes like [[Hanover Parish|Hanover]] and [[Westmoreland Parish|Westmoreland]], both in western Jamaica- leaving behind practices such as Ettu from ''Etutu'', the Yoruba ceremony of atonement among other customs of people bearing the same name, and certain aspects of [[Kumina#Organization|Kumina]] such as [[Shango|Sango]] veneration),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3mdhCNLo9cC&pg=PA105|page=105|title=Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture|author1=Kathleen E. A. Monteith|author2=Glen Richards|publisher=University of the West Indies Press|year=2001|isbn=978-976-640-108-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9M4Wtsh8di4C&pg=PT18|title=A Comparative Analysis of Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin English|author=Pamela Odimegwu |year=2012 |publisher=Pamela Odimegwu |isbn=978-1-4781-5890-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXavxrsgZ2AC&pg=PA59|title=The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader|author1=Roxy Harris|author2-link=Ben Rampton|author2=Ben Rampton|publisher=Psychology Press|page=59|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-27601-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r1qAAAAMAAJ|title=Freedom to be: The Abolition of Slavery in Jamaica and Its Aftermath|author=Urban Development Corporation (Jamaica)|publisher=University of Texas (National Library of Jamaica)|year=1984|isbn=978-976-8020-00-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0gYAAAAYAAJ |page=91 |title=Jamaica Journal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162251/https://books.google.com/books?id=r0gYAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |journal=Jamaica Journal |volume=27-28 |publisher=Institute of Jamaica (the University of Virginia) |year=2000 |quote=the settlement of Central Africans, Notably in St. Thomas parish in the east, and of Nago or Yoruba in Westmoreland and Hanover parishes in the west. <!-- that's the damn quote, but Google won't give the page, volume, issue, date, or article title. -->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tF0YAAAAYAAJ |title=Roots of Jamaican culture |author=Mervyn C. Alleyne |publisher=Pluto Press (the University of Virginia) |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-7453-0245-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.ws/shandycan/Africanretentions_Jamaica.html|title=Africanretentions_Jamaica-_ettu_nago|first=Hazel|last=Campbell|website=CaribbeanWriter |via=geocities.ws}}</ref> [[Barbados]], [[Montserrat]], etc.

On 31 July 2020, the [[Yoruba World Congress]] joined the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] (UNPO).<ref name=unpowelcomes5newmembers>{{cite web |title=UNPO Welcomes 5 New Members! |work=unpo.org|date=3 August 2020 |url=https://unpo.org/article/22010 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=guam>{{cite web |title=Guam: Territory to be Inducted into UNPO |work=unpo.org |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://unpo.org/article/22015 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>