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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text==Survey translation== A [[Survey (human research)|survey]] [[questionnaire]] consists of a list of questions and answer categories aimed at extracting data from a particular group of people about their attitude, behavior, or knowledge. In cross-national and cross-cultural [[Survey methodology|survey research]], translation is crucial to collecting comparable data.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=Special Issue on Questionnaire Translation |url=https://wapor.org/special-issue-on-questionnaire-translation/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=World Association for Public Opinion Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Behr |first1=Dorothée |last2=Sha |first2=Mandy |date=25 July 2018 |title=Introduction: Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research |url=https://www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/article/view/937 |journal=Translation & Interpreting |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01 |issn=1836-9324 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Originally developed for the [[European Social Survey]]s, the model TRAPD (Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretest, and Documentation) is now "widely used in the global survey research community, although not always labeled as such or implemented in its complete form".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality in Comparative Surveys |url=https://aapor.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AAPOR-WAPOR-Task-Force-Report-on-Quality-in-Comparative-Surveys_Full-Report.pdf |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Task Force Report, American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality in Comparative Surveys |url=https://wapor.org/resources/aapor-wapor-task-force-report-on-quality-in-comparative-surveys/ |website=Task Force Report, World Association of Public Opinion Research (WAPOR)}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Harkness |first=Janet |title=Cross-cultural survey methods |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-471-38526-3}}</ref> A team approach is recommended in the survey-translation process, to include translators, subject-matter experts, and persons helpful to the process.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Behr |first1=Dorothe |url=https://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-survey-methodology |title=The Translation of Measurement Instruments for Cross-Cultural Surveys (Chapter 19) in The SAGE Handbook of Survey Methodology |last2=Shishido |first2=Kuniaki |date=2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |isbn=978-1-4739-5789-3 |language=en}}</ref> For example, even when project managers and researchers do not speak the language of the translation, they know the study objectives well and the intent behind the questions, and therefore have a key role in improving the translation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sha |first1=Mandy |last2=Immerwahr |first2=Stephen |date=19 February 2018 |title=Survey Translation: Why and How Should Researchers and Managers be Engaged? |url=https://www.surveypractice.org/article/3248-survey-translation-why-and-how-should-researchers-and-managers-be-engaged |journal=Survey Practice |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.29115/SP-2018-0016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition, a survey-translation framework based on [[sociolinguistics]] states that a linguistically appropriate translation cannot be wholly sufficient to achieve the communicative effect of the source-language survey; the translation must also incorporate the social practices and cultural norms of the target language.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Yuling |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429294914/sociolinguistics-survey-translation-yuling-pan-mandy-sha-hyunjoo-park |title=The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation |last2=Sha |first2=Mandy |date=9 July 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-29491-4 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9780429294914|s2cid=198632812 }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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