Jerusalem

===Jerusalem as capital of Israel===
[[File:Hutz.JPG|thumb|[[Foreign Ministry of Israel|The Israeli Foreign Ministry]] building]]

On 5 December 1949, Israel's first Prime Minister, [[David Ben-Gurion]], proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal" and "sacred" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had "compelled" the Israeli leadership "to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv", while "for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only – Jerusalem the Eternal", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for "the Knesset... returning to Jerusalem."<ref name=BGurion>{{cite web |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |author-link=David Ben-Gurion |publisher=The Knesset |title=Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem |date=5 December 1949 |access-date=2 April 2007 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523152628/http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This indeed took place, and since the beginning of 1950 all branches of the [[Politics of Israel|Israeli government]]—[[Politics of Israel#Legislative branch|legislative]], [[Politics of Israel#Judicial system|judicial]], and [[Politics of Israel#Prime Ministers and governments in the last ten years|executive]]—have resided there, except for the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]], which is located at [[HaKirya]] in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4181.IH: |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233952/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105%3AH.R.4181.IH%3A |archive-date=3 September 2015 |publisher=The Library of Congress |title=Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998 |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=dead |date=25 June 1998}}</ref><ref name=JTA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jta.org/1950/01/25/archive/knesset-proclaims-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-mapam-and-herut-abstain-from-voting |title=Knesset Proclaims Jerusalem As Israel's Capital; Mapam and Herut Abstain from Voting |date=25 January 1950 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004818/https://www.jta.org/1950/01/25/archive/knesset-proclaims-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-mapam-and-herut-abstain-from-voting |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of Ben Gurion's proclamations and the ensuing Knesset vote of 24 January 1950,<ref name=JTA/> Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, and thus the proclamation only applied to West Jerusalem.

In July 1980, Israel passed the [[Jerusalem Law]] as [[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Law]]. The law declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel.<ref name=basiclaw>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=2 April 2007 |date=30 July 1980 |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208165053/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |archive-date=8 February 2007}}</ref> The Jerusalem Law was condemned by the international community, which did not recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The United Nations Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478|Resolution 478]] on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Jerusalem Law is ''"a violation of international law"'', is ''"null and void and must be rescinded forthwith"''. Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=United Nations |access-date=30 July 2008 |year=1980 |title=Resolution 478 (1980) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205073441/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=5 February 2009}}</ref> 

Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. [[Costa Rica]] and [[El Salvador]] followed in 2006.<ref>Mosheh ʻAmirav, ''Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City'', Sussex University Press, 2009 p. 27: 'In the summer of 2006, these two countries also announced the adoption of a new policy whereby they would no longer recognize Israel's sovereignty in Jerusalem, and transferred their embassies out of the city'.</ref><!-- The source given doesn't say that the two countries concerned had recognised West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, only that they had recognised Israel's sovereignty, ''de jure'', ''de facto'' or otherwise. Nor, presumably, does it say that 22 other countries had done so previously. --> There are two embassies—United States and Guatemala—and two consulates located within the city limits of Jerusalem, and two [[Latin America]]n states maintain embassies in the [[Jerusalem District]] [[Local council (Israel)|town]] of [[Mevaseret Zion]] ([[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]).<ref name=embassies>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.php |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |publisher=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724111910/http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180503-guatemala-embassy-in-israel-opens-in-jerusalem/ |title=Guatemala embassy in Israel opens in Jerusalem |date=3 May 2018 |work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=12 May 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080855/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180503-guatemala-embassy-in-israel-opens-in-jerusalem/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[List of Consulates-General in Jerusalem|a number of consulates-general]] located in Jerusalem, which work primarily either with Israel, or the Palestinian authorities.

In 1995, the United States Congress passed the [[Jerusalem Embassy Act]], which required, subject to conditions, that its embassy be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html |title=Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=15 February 2007 |date=8 November 1995 |archive-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043204/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 December 2017 [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] officially [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|recognized Jerusalem]] as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the [[Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv|American embassy]] to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel |title=President Donald J. Trump's Proclamation on Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel |publisher=White House |access-date=6 December 2017 |date=6 December 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206191507/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/trump-to-declare-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/news-story/6f16170f8ceec70d7e2f10a9659309a1 |title=Trump Declares Jerusalem as Israel's Capital |work=News.com.au |date=7 December 2017 |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206234846/http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/trump-to-declare-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/news-story/6f16170f8ceec70d7e2f10a9659309a1 |url-status=live}}</ref> The move was criticized by many nations.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-jerusalem-reaction/arabs-europe-u-n-reject-trumps-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital-idUSKBN1E0312 Arabs, Europe, U.N. reject Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222180040/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-jerusalem-reaction/arabs-europe-u-n-reject-trumps-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital-idUSKBN1E0312 |date=22 December 2017 }}, Mark Heinrich, Reuters</ref> A resolution condemning the US decision was supported by all the 14 other members of the UN Security Council, but was vetoed by the US on 18 December 2017.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/18/us-forced-veto-un-resolution-condemning-trumps-decision-jerusalem/ US forced to veto UN resolution condemning Trump's decision on Jerusalem] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510060242/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/18/us-forced-veto-un-resolution-condemning-trumps-decision-jerusalem/ |date=10 May 2018 }}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''</ref> A subsequent resolution condemning the US decision was passed in the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42446027 |title=UN rejects Trump's Jerusalem declaration |date=21 December 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053816/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42446027 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/general-assembly-rejects-trump-jerusalem-move-171221135806725.html |title=UN General Assembly rejects Trump's Jerusalem move |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222211816/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/general-assembly-rejects-trump-jerusalem-move-171221135806725.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem |first=Rick |last=Gladstone |date=21 December 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ES-10/L.22&Submit=Search&Lang=E |title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222122638/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ES-10/L.22&Submit=Search&Lang=E |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 May 2018, the United States officially opened its [[Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem|embassy in Jerusalem]], transforming its Tel Aviv location into a consulate. Due to the general lack of international recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli media outlets use Tel Aviv as a [[metonym]] for Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html |title=Israel must co-operate over fake passports, says David Miliband |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |first=James |last=Tapsfield |archive-date=20 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820225541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm |title=Dubai Hamas killing pledge by UK foreign secretary |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501194540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html |title=Editorial A bloody new year in Gaza |newspaper=The Japan Times |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112509/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986728.ece Times Online Style Guide – J] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921130217/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986728.ece |date=21 September 2011 }} "Jerusalem must not be used as a metonym or variant for Israel. It is not internationally recognised as the Israeli capital, and its status is one of the central controversies in the Middle East."</ref>

In April 2017, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced it viewed Western Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the context of UN-approved principles which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Jpost-Exclusive-Moscow-surprisingly-says-west-Jerusalem-is-Israels-capital-486336 |title=Jpost Exclusive: Moscow surprisingly says west Jerusalem is Israel's capital – Israel News |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193803/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Jpost-Exclusive-Moscow-surprisingly-says-west-Jerusalem-is-Israels-capital-486336 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.pnn.ps/2017/04/08/russia-could-acknowledge-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital/ |title=Russia could acknowledge West Jerusalem as Israeli Capital |date=8 April 2017 |publisher=PNN |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409195147/http://english.pnn.ps/2017/04/08/russia-could-acknowledge-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement (6 April 2017)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104201944/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |date=4 January 2020 }}"We reaffirm our commitment to the UN-approved principles for a Palestinian-Israeli settlement, which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. At the same time, we must state that in this context we view West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel."</ref> On 15 December 2018, [[Australia]] officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, but said their embassy in Tel Aviv would stay until a two-state resolution was settled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel/ |title=Australia recognizes west Jerusalem as the capital of Israel |work=CBS News |date=15 December 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216011904/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The decision was reversed in October 2022.<ref name="aureverse">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129609399/australia-will-end-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |language=en-US |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=18 October 2022 |title=Australia says it will end its recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018054516/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129609399/australia-will-end-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Government precinct and national institutions====
The [[Kiryat HaLeom]] (national precinct) project is intended to house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. They are located in the [[Kiryat HaMemshala]] (government complex) in the [[Givat Ram]] neighbourhood. Some government buildings are located in [[Kiryat Menachem Begin]]. The city is home to the Knesset,<ref>{{cite web |title=English gateway to the Knesset website |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502130558/https://knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The State of Israel: The Judicial Authority |url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428211321/https://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Bank of Israel]], the [[National Headquarters of the Israel Police]], the official residences of the [[President of Israel|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], the [[Cabinet of Israel|Cabinet]], and all ministries except for the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]] (which is located in central Tel Aviv's [[HaKirya]] district) and the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Israel)|Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development]] (which is located in [[Rishon LeZion]], in the wider Tel Aviv [[metropolitan area]], near [[Beit Dagan]]).

====Israeli settlements====
{{See also|Israeli settlements}}
{{Expand section|date=April 2023}}

Since its capture in 1967, the Israeli government has built 12 [[Israeli settlements]] in [[East Jerusalem]], with a population amounting to 220,000 Israeli Jewish settlers as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population |url=https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Peace Now |language=en-US |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611210642/https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |url-status=live}}</ref> The international community consider Israeli settlements to be illegal under [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |year=1990 |title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/2203016 |jstor=2203016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100933/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020 |quote=The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza. |s2cid=145514740}}</ref>