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Do not fill this in! ===Science and technology=== {{Main|Science and technology in Israel|List of Israeli inventions and discoveries}} [[File:Matam hi-tech park (Haifa).jpg|thumb|[[Matam, Haifa|Matam]] high-tech park in Haifa]] Israel's development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have [[Silicon Wadi|evoked comparisons]] with [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel keen on IT tie-ups |date=10 January 2001 |newspaper=Business Line |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/01/11/stories/151139ue.htm |access-date=19 March 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116074212/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/01/11/stories/151139ue.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's technology industry: Punching above its weight |date=10 November 2005 |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/node/5149411 |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Israel is first in the world in [[List of countries by research and development spending|expenditure on research and development]] as a percentage of GDP.<ref name=OECD_R&D>{{cite web |url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm|title=Research and development (R&D) β Gross domestic spending on R&D |website=OECD Data |publisher=OECD |access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> It is ranked 14th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023,<ref>{{Cite report |editor1=Soumitra Dutta |editor2=Bruno Lanvin |editor3=Lorena Rivera LeΓ³n |editor4=Sacha Wunsch-Vincent |title=Global Innovation Index 2023 |edition=16th |page=22 |website=wipo.int |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |access-date=2023-10-17 |language=en |isbn=978-92-805-3321-7}} [https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html Overview].</ref> and fifth in the 2019 [[Bloomberg Innovation Index]].<ref name=Bloomberg_innovation>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds|title=These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries|website=Bloomberg.com |date=22 January 2019|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> Israel has 140 scientists, technicians, and engineers per 10,000 employees, the highest number in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shteinbuk |first=Eduard |date=22 July 2011 |url=http://sun.inc.hse.ru/sites/default/files/Shteinbuk.pdf |title=R&D and Innovation as a Growth Engine |publisher=National Research University β Higher School of Economics |access-date=11 May 2013 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808102137/http://sun.inc.hse.ru/sites/default/files/Shteinbuk.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |author1=Augusto Lopez-Claros |author2=Irene Mia |date=2006 |url=http://www.investinisrael.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/61BD95A0-898B-4F48-A795-5886B1C4F08C/0/israelcompleteweb.pdf |title=Israel: Factors in the Emergence of an ICT Powerhouse |publisher=Foreign Direct Investment Database |place=Geneva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712025800/http://www.investinisrael.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/61BD95A0-898B-4F48-A795-5886B1C4F08C/0/israelcompleteweb.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-12 |via=InvestinIsrael.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyjtimes.com/Heritage/News/2003/Aug/InvestinginIsrael.htm|url-status=live|title=Investing in Israel|first=Yoram|last=Ettinger|publisher=New York Jewish Times|year=2003|archive-date=22 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040822112811/http://nyjtimes.com/Heritage/News/2003/Aug/InvestinginIsrael.htm}}</ref> Israel has produced six [[List of Israeli Nobel laureates|Nobel Prize-winning]] scientists since 2004<ref name="nobel">{{cite news |author=Haviv Rettig Gur |date=9 October 2013 |title=Tiny Israel a Nobel heavyweight, especially in chemistry |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/tiny-israel-a-nobel-heavyweight-especially-in-chemistry/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> and has been frequently ranked as one of the countries with the highest ratios of [[scientific papers]] per capita.<ref>{{cite news |last=Heylin |first=Michael |date=27 November 2006 |title=Globalization of Science Rolls On |work=Chemical & Engineering News |pages=29β31 |url=http://www.achem.univ.kiev.ua/news/pdf/globalization_of_science_rolls_on.pdf |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=32635 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |last=Gordon |first=Evelyn |title=Kicking the global oil habit |access-date=20 March 2012 |date=24 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's scientific fall from grace: Study shows drastic decline in publications per capita |author=Yarden Skop |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.544767 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2 September 2013}}</ref> [[List of Israeli universities and colleges|Israeli universities]] are ranked among the top 50 world universities in computer science ([[Technion]] and [[Tel Aviv University]]), mathematics ([[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]) and chemistry ([[Weizmann Institute of Science]]).<ref name="ARWU"/> In 2012, Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's [[Space Competitiveness Index]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Futron Releases 2012 Space Competitiveness Index|url=http://spaceref.biz/2012/08/futron-releases-2012-space-competitiveness-index.html|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114215/http://spaceref.biz/2012/08/futron-releases-2012-space-competitiveness-index.html}}</ref> The [[Israel Space Agency]] coordinates all Israeli space research programmes with scientific and commercial goals, and have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's domestic satellite industry saved |first=Arieh |last=O'Sullivan |url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/InThespotlight/Article.aspx?id=276757 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=9 December 2012 |quote=The Amos 6 will be IAI's 14th satellite}}</ref> Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/21/iran.marktran |title=Israel launches new satellite to spy on Iran |access-date=20 March 2012 |date=21 January 2008 |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Mark |last=Tran}}</ref> [[Shavit 2|Shavit]] is a space [[launch vehicle]] produced by Israel to launch small [[satellite]]s into [[low Earth orbit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Space launch systems β Shavit|publisher=Deagel |url=http://www.deagel.com/Space-Launch-Systems/Shavit_a001901001.aspx|access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|eighth nation]] to have a space launch capability. In 2003, [[Ilan Ramon]] became Israel's first astronaut, serving on the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|fatal mission]] of [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.jpost.com/PromoContent/Learning-Hebrew-Online-Colonel-Ilan-Ramon#article=0OTBDN0ZDNEMyQTAzMDUyNTZCQTAxQzhERUM4OTczMkQ= |title=Learning Hebrew Online β Colonel Ilan Ramon |author=e-Teacher |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208124754/http://m.jpost.com/PromoContent/Learning-Hebrew-Online-Colonel-Ilan-Ramon |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> The ongoing [[Water supply and sanitation in Israel|water shortage]] has spurred innovation in [[water conservation]] techniques, and a substantial [[Agricultural research in Israel|agricultural modernization]], [[drip irrigation]], was [[List of Israeli inventions and discoveries|invented in Israel]]. Israel is also at the technological forefront of [[desalination]] and [[water recycling]]. The [[Sorek desalination plant]] is the largest seawater [[reverse osmosis]] desalination facility in the world.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/534996/megascale-desalination/ |title=Megascale Desalination |last=Talbot |first=David |date=2015 |magazine=MIT Technology Review |access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> By 2014, Israel's desalination programmes provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 70% by 2050.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/israel-solves-water-woes-desalination-053359192.html |title=Israel solves water woes with desalination |author=Federman, Josef |agency=Associated Press |date=30 May 2014 |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602041312/http://news.yahoo.com/israel-solves-water-woes-desalination-053359192.html |archive-date=2 June 2014 }}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced.<ref name="Kershner">{{Cite news|title = Aided by the Sea, Israel Overcomes an Old Foe: Drought|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/30/world/middleeast/water-revolution-in-israel-overcomes-any-threat-of-drought.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 29 May 2015|access-date = 31 May 2015|first = Isabel|last = Kershner}}</ref> In 2011, Israel's [[Water industry|water technology industry]] was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology, Israel is set to become a net [[Water export|exporter of water]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-desalination-idUSTRE7B50V520111206 |title=Desalination plant could make Israel water exporter |newspaper=Reuters |date=6 December 2011 |first=Ari |last=Rabinovitch}}</ref> [[File:Solar dish at Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center in Israel.jpg|thumb|alt=A horizontal parabolic dish, with a triangular structure on its top.|The world's largest [[Parabolic reflector|solar parabolic dish]] at the [[Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center]]<ref name=Register>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/25/faiman_negev_solar_plan/ |title=Giant solar plants in Negev could power Israel's future |first=John |last=Lettice |newspaper=The Register |date=25 January 2008}}</ref>]] Israel has embraced [[Solar power in Israel|solar energy]]; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology<ref name=NPR>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15503716 |title=Israel Pushes Solar Energy Technology |publisher=NPR |first=Linda |last=Gradstein |author-link=Linda Gradstein |date=22 October 2007}}</ref> and its solar companies work on projects around the world.<ref name=CBC>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/parry/20070815.html |title=Looking to the sun |first=Tom |last=Parry |date=15 August 2007 |newspaper=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924093635/http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/parry/20070815.html |archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name=BW>{{cite news |title=At the Zenith of Solar Energy |first=Neal |last=Sandler |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-03-26/at-the-zenith-of-solar-energybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105185413/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-03-26/at-the-zenith-of-solar-energybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-date=5 November 2012 |newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=26 March 2008 |access-date=12 August 2012}}</ref> Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita.<ref name="Solar energy">{{cite web |url=http://www.neaman.org.il/Neaman2011/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=581&LNGID=1&FID=646&IID=7974 |title=Solar energy for the production of heat Summary and recommendations of the 4th assembly of the energy forum at SNI |last1=Grossman |first1=Gershon |last2=Ayalon |first2=Ofira |last3=Baron |first3=Yifaat |last4=Kauffman |first4=Debby |publisher=Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116083312/http://www.neaman.org.il/Neaman2011/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=581&LNGID=1&FID=646&IID=7974 |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Environment California SWH">{{cite web |last1=Del Chiaro |first1=Bernadette |last2=Telleen-Lawton |first2=Timothy |title=Solar Water Heating: How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas |publisher=Environment California |url=http://www.environmentcalifornia.org/reports/cae/solar-water-heating-how-california-can-reduce-its-dependence-natural-gas |access-date=20 March 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://roma.mfa.gov.il/mfm/Data/156237.pdf |title=Solar, what else?! |last=Berner |first=Joachim |date=January 2008 |website=Sun & Wind Energy |publisher=Israel Special |page=88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141348/http://roma.mfa.gov.il/mfm/Data/156237.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=15 May 2010}}</ref> The high annual incident [[irradiance|solar irradiance]] at its geographic [[latitude]] creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the [[Negev Desert]].<ref name=NPR/><ref name=CBC/><ref name=BW/> Israel had a modern [[Electric vehicle network|electric car infrastructure]] involving a countrywide network of [[charging station]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2066975,00.html |title=Will Israel's Electric Cars Change the World? |magazine=Time |access-date=11 April 2012 |date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415081103/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2066975%2C00.html |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c0ef35cc-c06a-11df-8a81-00144feab49a.html | title=Electric cars are all the rage in Israel |newspaper=Financial Times | date=17 September 2010 | access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/business/israel-to-keep-electric-car-recharging-fees-low-1.418128 | title=Israel to keep electric car recharging fees low | newspaper=Haaretz | access-date=11 April 2012| date=13 March 2012 }}</ref> However, Israel's electric car company [[Better Place (company)|Better Place]] shut down in 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/better-place-folds-2013-5 |title=Electric Car Company Folds After Taking $850 Million From GE And Others |work=Business Insider |date=26 May 2013}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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