Greece Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Science and technology === {{Main|List of Greek inventions and discoveries}} [[File:NOESIS.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum]]]] The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development and Competitiveness is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2017, spending on research and development (R&D) reached an all-time high of €2 billion, equal to 1.14 percent of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6889-r-d-spending-2017|title=R&D spending in Greece reached a record high in 2017|website=www.greeknewsagenda.gr|date=26 November 2018 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> [[File:Gnpapanikolaou.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|[[Georgios Papanikolaou]], a pioneer in [[cytopathology]] and early cancer detection]] Although lower than the EU average of 1.93 percent, between 1990 and 1998, total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third-highest increase in Europe, after [[Finland]] and Ireland. Greece was ranked 42nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2023 | edition=15th |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |date=4 November 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en | last1=Dutta | first1=Soumitra | last2=Lanvin | first2=Bruno | last3=Wunsch-Vincent | first3=Sacha | last4=León | first4=Lorena Rivera | last5=World Intellectual Property Organization }}</ref> Greece has major technology parks with incubator facilities and been a member of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) since 2005.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/Greece_becomes_16th_ESA_Member_State |title=Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State |date=22 March 2005 |publisher=ESA |access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> Cooperation between ESA and the [[Hellenic National Space Committee]] began in 1994 with the signing of the first cooperation agreement. After applying for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. The country participates in the ESA's telecommunication and technology activities and the [[Global Monitoring for Environment and Security]] Initiative.<ref name=":2" /> The [[National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos"]] was founded in 1959 and it is the largest multidisciplinary research center in Greece. Today, its activities cover several fields of science and engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos (NCSR Demokritos) |url=https://eurocc-greece.gr/demokritos/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=EuroCC@Greece |language=en-US}}</ref> Greece has one of the highest rates of tertiary enrollment in the world,<ref>{{cite web|title=School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) – Country Ranking|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/SE.TER.ENRR/rankings|website=indexmundi.com|publisher=Index Mundi|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> while Greeks are well represented in academia worldwide; numerous leading Western universities employ a disproportionately high number of Greek faculty.<ref>{{cite news |title= University reforms in Greece face student protests |newspaper=The Economist|date=6 July 2006 |access-date=19 December 2008|url= http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061901/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> Greek scientific publications have grown significantly in terms of [[research impact]], surpassing both the EU and global average from 2012 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greek scientific publications increase their impact|url=https://greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6869-scientific-publications-increase-impact|website=greeknewsagenda.gr|date=30 October 2018 |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Notable Greek scientists of modern times include [[Georgios Papanikolaou]] (inventor of the [[Pap test]]), mathematician [[Constantin Carathéodory]] (known for the [[Carathéodory theorem (disambiguation)|Carathéodory theorems]] and [[Carathéodory conjecture]]), astronomer [[E. M. Antoniadi]], archaeologists [[Ioannis Svoronos]], [[Valerios Stais]], [[Spyridon Marinatos]], [[Manolis Andronikos]] (discovered the tomb of [[Philip II of Macedon]] in [[Vergina]]), Indologist [[Dimitrios Galanos]], botanist [[Theodoros G. Orphanides]], and scientists such as [[Michael Dertouzos]], [[Nicholas Negroponte]], [[John Argyris]], [[John Iliopoulos]] (2007 [[Dirac Medal (ICTP)|Dirac Prize]] for his contributions on the physics of the [[charm quark]]), [[Joseph Sifakis]] (2007 [[Turing Award]], the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), [[Christos Papadimitriou]] (2002 [[Knuth Prize]], 2012 [[Gödel Prize]]), [[Mihalis Yannakakis]] (2005 [[Knuth Prize]]) and physicist [[Dimitri Nanopoulos]]. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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