France

=== Immigration ===
{{Main|Immigration to France}}
It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different waves of immigration since the early 20th century;<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2005 |title=Paris Riots in Perspective |work=ABC News |location=New York |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843}}</ref> between 1921 and 1935 alone, about 1.1&nbsp;million net immigrants came to France.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassell |first=James E. |title=Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars |date=1991 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-817-9 |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=81/7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uUsLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 22] |chapter=III. French Government and the Refugees}}</ref> The next largest wave came in the 1960s when around 1.6&nbsp;million ''[[Pied-Noir|pieds noirs]]'' returned to France following the independence of its Northwest African possessions, Algeria and Morocco.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Markham |first=James M. |date=6 April 1988 |title=For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDE1539F935A35757C0A96E948260}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Migration and development co-operation |date=1994 |isbn=978-92-871-2611-5 |editor-first=Raimondo Cagiano |editor-last=De Azevedo |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 25]}}</ref> They were joined by numerous former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as well as numerous European immigrants from Spain and Portugal.

[[File:Calais2015a.jpg|thumb|The [[Calais Jungle]] was a [[refugee]] and [[Economic migrant|illegal migrant]] encampment in the vicinity of [[Calais]], France, that existed from January 2015 to October 2016.]]
France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants annually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2010 |title=Flux d'immigration par continent d'origine |trans-title=Immigration flow by continent of origin |url=https://www.ined.fr/fr/tout-savoir-population/chiffres/france/flux-immigration/annee-continent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523053018/http://www.ined.fr/fr/pop_chiffres/france/flux_immigration/depuis_1994/ |archive-date=23 May 2012 |website=Ined |language=fr}}</ref> In 2005, it was Western Europe's leading recipient of [[refugee|asylum]] seekers, with an estimated 50,000 applications (albeit a 15% decrease from 2004).<ref name="UNHCR">{{Cite book |title=UNHCR Global Report 2005 |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] |chapter=Western Europe |access-date=14 December 2006 |chapter-url=http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4492677f0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025835/http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4492677f0.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, France received about 48,100 asylum applications—placing it among the top five asylum recipients in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalt |first1=Anne |last2=Hossain |first2=Mazeda |last3=Kiss |first3=Ligia |last4=Zimmerman |first4=Cathy |date=March 2013 |title=Asylum Seekers, Violence and Health: A Systematic Review of Research in High-Income Host Countries |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=e30–e42 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301136 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=3673512 |pmid=23327250}}</ref> In subsequent years it saw the number of applications increase, ultimately doubling to 100,412 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=aida – Asylum Information Database – Country Report: France |url=https://www.asylumineurope.org/sites/default/files/report-download/aida_fr_2017update.pdf}}</ref> The European Union allows free movement between the member states, although France established controls to curb [[Eastern European]] migration.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} Foreigners' rights are established in the [[Code of Entry and Residence of Foreigners and of the Right to Asylum]]. Immigration remains a contentious political issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2023 |title=Le regard des Français sur l'immigration |url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/le-regard-des-francais-sur-limmigration-3/|website=IFOP |language=fr}}</ref>

In 2008, the [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5&nbsp;million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5&nbsp;million, or 11% of the population. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's population were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5&nbsp;million were of European origin and 4&nbsp;million of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Catherine Borrel |last2=Bertrand Lhommeau |date=30 March 2010 |title=Être né en France d'un parent immigré |trans-title=To be born in France of an immigrant parent |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203052501/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 |archive-date=3 February 2012 |publisher=Insee |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Insee_1">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance |trans-title=Distribution of immigrants by country of birth |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |archive-date=26 October 2011 |publisher=Insee |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="INSEE1">{{Cite web |first=Catherine |last=Borrel |date=August 2006 |title=Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005 |trans-title=Annual census surveys 2004 and 2005 |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1098/ip1098.html#encadre1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212212050/http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1098/ip1098.html |archive-date=12 December 2006 |access-date=14 December 2006 |publisher=Insee |language=fr}}</ref> In 2008, France granted [[citizenship]] to 137,000 persons, mostly from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swalec |first=Andrea |date=6 July 2010 |title=Turks and Moroccans top list of new EU citizens |work=Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-49921620100706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112223503/http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/07/06/idINIndia-49921620100706 |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, the INSEE reported a significant increase in the number of immigrants coming from Spain, Portugal and Italy between 2009 and 2012. According to the institute, this increase resulted from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period.<ref name="sudouest.fr">{{Cite news |date=2 December 2014 |title=Qui sont les nouveaux immigrés qui vivent en France? |language=fr |trans-title=Who are the new immigrants living in France? |work=SudOuest |url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2014/11/28/qui-sont-les-nouveaux-immigres-qui-vivent-en-france-1751452-705.php}}</ref> Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 per cent between 2009 and 2012, with the population growing from 5,300 to 11,000.<ref name="sudouest.fr"/> Of the total of 229,000 foreigners who were in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, 5% British, 5% Spanish, 4% Italian, 4% German, 3% Romanian, and 3% Belgian.<ref name="sudouest.fr"/>