Evolution Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Social and cultural responses == {{further|Social effects of evolutionary theory|1860 Oxford evolution debate|Rejection of evolution by religious groups|Objections to evolution|Evolution in fiction}} [[File:Editorial cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape (1871).jpg|upright|thumb|As evolution became widely accepted in the 1870s, [[caricature]]s of Charles Darwin with an [[ape]] or monkey body symbolised evolution.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2003|pp=376–379}}</ref>]] In the 19th century, particularly after the publication of ''On the Origin of Species'' in 1859, the idea that life had evolved was an active source of academic debate centred on the philosophical, social and religious implications of evolution. Today, the modern evolutionary synthesis is accepted by a vast majority of scientists.<ref name="Kutschera"/> However, evolution remains a contentious concept for some [[Theism|theists]].<ref>For an overview of the philosophical, religious and cosmological controversies, see: * {{harvnb|Dennett|1995}} For the scientific and social reception of evolution in the 19th and early 20th centuries, see: * {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Ian C. |author-link=Ian C. Johnston |year=1999 |chapter=Section Three: The Origins of Evolutionary Theory |chapter-url=https://malvma.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/sect3.htm |title=... And Still We Evolve: A Handbook for the Early History of Modern Science |url=https://malvma.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/title.htm |edition=3rd revised |location=Nanaimo, BC |publisher=Liberal Studies Department, [[Vancouver Island University|Malaspina University-College]] |access-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416050826/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/title.htm |archive-date=16 April 2016 |ref=none}} * {{harvnb|Bowler|2003}} * {{cite journal |last=Zuckerkandl |first=Emile |author-link=Emile Zuckerkandl |date=30 December 2006 |title=Intelligent design and biological complexity |journal=[[Gene (journal)|Gene]] |volume=385 |pages=2–18 |pmid=17011142 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.025 |issn=0378-1119 |ref=none}}</ref> While [[Level of support for evolution#Religious|various religions and denominations]] have reconciled their beliefs with evolution through concepts such as [[theistic evolution]], there are [[creationism|creationists]] who believe that evolution is contradicted by the [[creation myth]]s found in their religions and who raise various [[objections to evolution]].<ref name="ScottEC" /><ref name="Ross2005">{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Marcus R. |s2cid=14208021 |author-link=Marcus R. Ross |date=May 2005 |title=Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism |url=http://www.nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Ross_v53n3p319.pdf |journal=Journal of Geoscience Education |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=319–323 |issn=1089-9995 |access-date=28 April 2008 |bibcode=2005JGeEd..53..319R |doi=10.5408/1089-9995-53.3.319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511204303/http://nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Ross_v53n3p319.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2008 |citeseerx=10.1.1.404.1340}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hameed |first=Salman |date=12 December 2008 |title=Bracing for Islamic Creationism |url=http://helios.hampshire.edu/~sahCS/Hameed-Science-Creationism.pdf |journal=Science |volume=322 |issue=5908 |pages=1637–1638 |doi=10.1126/science.1163672 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=19074331 |s2cid=206515329 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110031233/http://helios.hampshire.edu/~sahCS/Hameed-Science-Creationism.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> As had been demonstrated by responses to the publication of ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]'' in 1844, the most controversial aspect of evolutionary biology is the implication of [[human evolution]] that humans share common ancestry with apes and that the mental and [[Evolution of morality|moral faculties]] of humanity have the same types of natural causes as other inherited traits in animals.<ref>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003}}</ref> In some countries, notably the United States, these tensions between science and religion have fuelled the current creation–evolution controversy, a religious conflict focusing on politics and [[creation and evolution in public education|public education]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Jon D. |last2=Scott |first2=Eugenie C. |last3=Okamoto |first3=Shinji |s2cid=152990938 |date=11 August 2006 |title=Public Acceptance of Evolution |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5788 |pages=765–766 |doi=10.1126/science.1126746 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=16902112}}</ref> While other scientific fields such as [[physical cosmology|cosmology]]<ref name="wmap">{{cite journal |last1=Spergel |first1=David Nathaniel |author-link1=David Spergel |last2=Verde |first2=Licia |last3=Peiris |first3=Hiranya V. |last4=Komatsu |first4=Eiichiro |last5=Nolta |first5=Michael R. |last6=Bennett |first6=Charles L. |author-link6=Charles L. Bennett |last7=Halpern |first7=Mark |last8=Hinshaw |first8=Gary |last9=Jarosik |first9=Norman |year=2003 |title=First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal|The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=175–194 |arxiv=astro-ph/0302209 |bibcode=2003ApJS..148..175S |doi=10.1086/377226 |s2cid=10794058 |display-authors=3}}</ref> and [[Earth science]]<ref name="zircon">{{cite journal |last1=Wilde |first1=Simon A. |last2=Valley |first2=John W. |last3=Peck |first3=William H. |last4=Graham |first4=Colin M. |date=11 January 2001 |title=Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-01-11_409_6817/page/175 |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6817 |pages=175–178 |doi=10.1038/35051550 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=11196637 |bibcode=2001Natur.409..175W|s2cid=4319774 }}</ref> also conflict with literal interpretations of many [[religious text]]s, evolutionary biology experiences significantly more opposition from religious literalists. The teaching of evolution in American secondary school biology classes was uncommon in most of the first half of the 20th century. The [[Scopes Trial]] decision of 1925 caused the subject to become very rare in American secondary biology textbooks for a generation, but it was gradually re-introduced later and became legally protected with the 1968 ''[[Epperson v. Arkansas]]'' decision. Since then, the competing religious belief of creationism was legally disallowed in secondary school curricula in various decisions in the 1970s and 1980s, but it returned in [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] form as [[intelligent design]] (ID), to be excluded once again in the 2005 ''[[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]]'' case.<ref name="BioScience">{{cite journal |last=Branch |first=Glenn |s2cid=86665329 |author-link=Glenn Branch |date=March 2007 |title=Understanding Creationism after ''Kitzmiller'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2007-03_57_3/page/278 |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=278–284 |doi=10.1641/B570313 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}</ref> The debate over Darwin's ideas did not generate significant controversy in China.<ref name="jin2019">{{cite journal |author=Xiaoxing Jin |date=March 2019 |title=Translation and transmutation: the ''Origin of Species'' in China |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=117–141 |pmid=30587253 |doi=10.1017/S0007087418000808|s2cid=58605626 }}</ref> {{Clear}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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