Doctor of Philosophy

==== Admission ====
Students pursuing the PhD degree must first complete a master's degree program, which takes two years after graduation with a bachelor's degree (five years in total). The candidate must apply to a doctoral research project associated with a [[doctoral advisor]] (Directeur de thèse or directeur doctoral) with a [[habilitation]] throughout the doctoral program.

The PhD admission is granted by a [[graduate school#France|graduate school]] (in French, "école doctorale"). A PhD candidate may follow some in-service training offered by the graduate school while continuing their research in a laboratory. Their research may be carried out in a laboratory,{{clarify|it appears that laboratory here is distinct from laboratories at universities, but in the next sentence it says that a candidate doing research at a laboratory may be hired by "the university"|date=July 2022}} at a university or in a company. In the first case, the candidates can be hired by the university or a research organisation. In the last case, the company hires the candidate and they are supervised by both the company's tutor and a lab's professor. Completion of the PhD degree generally requires 3 years after the master's degree but it can last longer in specific cases.