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Do not fill this in! ==Culture== {{See also|Culture of Argentina}} [[File:Centro Cultural Kirchner 2016.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Kirchner Cultural Centre|Centro Cultural Kirchner]] (Kirchner Cultural Center), located at the former [[Buenos Aires Central Post Office|Central Post Office]], is the largest of South America.]] As Buenos Aires is strongly influenced by [[Culture of Europe|European culture]], the city is sometimes referred to as the "Paris of South America".<ref name="Short history"/><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120723030736/http://travel.canoe.ca/Travel/SouthAmerica/2005/03/06/953104-sun.html 'Paris of the South']}} by Kenneth Bagnell, [[Canadian Online Explorer|Canoe]] travel, 7 March 2005.</ref> With its scores of theaters and productions, the city has the busiest live theater industry in South America.<ref>[https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118039096 Entertainment boom hits Buenos Aires] by [https://www.variety.com/biography/1827 Charles Newbery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117034554/http://www.variety.com/biography/1827/ |date=17 January 2013 }}, [https://www.variety.com/ Variety.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008053105/http://www.variety.com/ |date=8 October 2010 }}. Posted: Sat., 25 June 2011, 4:00 am PT</ref> In fact, every weekend, there are about 300 active [[Theater (structure)|theaters]] with plays, a number that places the city as 1st worldwide, more than either London, New York or Paris, cultural Meccas in themselves. The number of cultural festivals with more than 10 sites and five years of existence also places the city as 2nd worldwide, after Edinburgh.<ref name="lanacion.com.ar">[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1744561-avidez-por-la-cultura-buenos-aires-una-ciudad-mas-viva-que-nunca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119184104/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1744561-avidez-por-la-cultura-buenos-aires-una-ciudad-mas-viva-que-nunca|date=19 November 2014}} La Nacion, 2014.</ref> The [[Néstor Kirchner Cultural Centre|Centro Cultural Kirchner]] (Kirchner Cultural Center), located in Buenos Aires, is the largest cultural center of [[Latin America]],<ref>[http://www.perfil.com/politica/Cristina-inaugura-el-Centro-Cultural-Nestor-Kirchner-20150521-0004.html "Cristina inaugura el Centro Cultural Néstor Kirchner"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725195948/http://www.perfil.com/politica/Cristina-inaugura-el-Centro-Cultural-Nestor-Kirchner-20150521-0004.html |date=25 July 2015 }}, Perfil, 21 May 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=791533 "Las impactantes fotos del Centro Cultural Néstor Kirchner"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608180437/http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=791533 |date=8 June 2015 }}, Ambito Financiero, 20 May 2015</ref> and the third worldwide.<ref>[http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/la-obra-faraonica-del-legado-cultural-k "La obra faraónica del legado cultural K"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729202151/http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/la-obra-faraonica-del-legado-cultural-k |date=29 July 2015 }}, Los Andes, 31 May 2015</ref> Buenos Aires is the home of the [[Teatro Colón]], an internationally rated opera house.<ref name="Time Out">''Time Out Guide: Buenos Aires'', Cathy Runciman & Leticia Saharrea (eds), Penguin Books, London, 2001. {{ISBN|0-14-029398-1}}</ref> There are several [[orchestra|symphony orchestras]] and choral societies. The city has numerous museums related to arts and crafts, history, fine arts, modern arts, decorative arts, popular arts, sacred art, [[theater]] and popular music, as well as the preserved homes of noted art collectors, writers, composers and artists. The city is home to hundreds of bookstores, public libraries and cultural associations (it is sometimes called "the city of books"), as well as the largest concentration of active [[Theater (structure)|theaters]] in Latin America. It has a [[Buenos Aires Zoo|zoo]] and [[Buenos Aires Botanical Garden|botanical garden]], a large number of landscaped parks and squares, as well as churches and places of worship of many denominations, many of which are architecturally noteworthy.<ref name="Time Out"/> The city has been a member of the [[Creative Cities Network|UNESCO Creative Cities Network]] after it was named "City of Design" in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/sites/creative-cities/files/monitoring_reports/Buenos%20Aires%20City%20of%20Design.pdf|title=Buenos Aires City of Design – Unesco|website=unesco.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111022308/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/sites/creative-cities/files/monitoring_reports/Buenos%20Aires%20City%20of%20Design.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ===''Porteño'' identity=== {{See also|Argentines}} [[File:Homenaje a Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|''Homage to Buenos Aires'', a mural located at the [[Carlos Gardel (Buenos Aires Underground)|Carlos Gardel station]] of the [[Buenos Aires Underground]]. It represents a typical scene from the city and several of its icons, such as singer [[Carlos Gardel]], the [[Obelisk of Buenos Aires|Obelisco]], the [[Port of Buenos Aires|port]], [[Tango (dance)|tango dancing]] and the [[Abasto de Buenos Aires|Abasto market]].]] The identity of ''[[porteño]]s'' has a rich and complex history, and has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny.<ref name="blendin">{{cite web|url=http://www.argentinaindependent.com/top-5/top-5-ways-to-blend-in-as-a-porteno//|title=Top 5 Ways to Blend in as a Porteño|last=Beioley|first=Kate|date=22 August 2012|publisher=[[The Argentina Independent]]|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108082527/http://www.argentinaindependent.com/top-5/top-5-ways-to-blend-in-as-a-porteno/|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[great European immigration wave to Argentina|great European immigration wave]] of the early 20th century was integral to "the growing primacy of Buenos Aires and the accompanying urban identity", and established the division between urban and rural Argentina more deeply.<ref name="LewisNouwen121">Lewis Nouwen, 2013. p.121</ref> Immigrants "brought new traditions and cultural markers to the city," which were "then reimagined in the ''porteño'' context, with new layers of meanings because of the new location."<ref name="LewisNouwen122">Lewis Nouwen, 2013. p.122</ref> The [[List of heads of state of Argentina|heads of state]]'s attempt to populate the country and reframe the [[national identity]] resulted in the concentration of immigrants in the city and its suburbs, who generated a culture that is a "product of their conflicts of [[Racial integration|integration]], their difficulties to live and their communication puzzles."<ref name="Rojas-Mix57">Rojas-Mix, 1991. p. 57</ref> In response to the immigration wave, during the 1920s and 1930s a [[nationalist]] trend within the Argentine intellectual elite glorified the [[gaucho]] figure as an exemplary [[archetype]] of Argentine culture; its synthesis with the European traditions conformed the new urban identity of Buenos Aires.<ref name="Rojas-Mix60">Rojas-Mix, 1991. p. 60</ref> The complexity of Buenos Aires' integration and identity formation issues increased when immigrants realized that their European culture could help them gain a greater social status.<ref name="Rojas-Mix61">Rojas-Mix, 1991. p. 61</ref> As the rural population moved to the industrialized city from the 1930s onwards, they reaffirmed their European roots,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/ar/cor/prj/bic/vo4/es6890875.htm|title=Identidad y migraciones: Entrevista a Alejandro Grimson|last=Pablos|first=Gustavo|publisher=[[Goethe-Institut]]|language=es|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092952/http://www.goethe.de/ins/ar/cor/prj/bic/vo4/es6890875.htm|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> adopting [[endogamy]] and founding private schools, newspapers in foreign languages, and associations that promoted adherence to their countries of origin.<ref name="Rojas-Mix61"/> ''Porteños'' are generally characterized as [[Night owl (person)|night owls]], cultured, talkative, uninhibited, sensitive, [[nostalgic]], observant and arrogant.<ref name="adventurelife"/><ref name="blendin"/> [[Argentines]] outside Buenos Aires often [[stereotype]] its inhabitants as [[egotist]] people, a feature that people from the Americas and westerners in general commonly attribute to the entire Argentine population and use as the subject of numerous jokes.<ref name="ego">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/10/151015_hay_festival_chistes_sobre_argentinos_vs|title=¿Por qué los latinoamericanos hacen tantos chistes sobre los argentinos?|last=Smink|first=Veronica|date=20 October 2015|language=es|publisher=[[BBC Mundo]]|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209094436/http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/10/151015_hay_festival_chistes_sobre_argentinos_vs|archive-date=9 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for [[BBC Mundo]] Cristina Pérez felt that "the idea of the [Argentines'] vastly developed ego finds strong evidence in [[lunfardo]] dictionaries," in words such as "''engrupido''" (meaning "vain" or "conceited") and "''compadrito''" (meaning both "brave" and "braggart"), the latter being an archetypal figure of tango.<ref name="ego2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160420_cultura_argentina_ego_complejo_inferioridad_ms|title="El problema de los argentinos es que tenemos un enorme complejo de inferioridad" (no el ego)|last=Pérez|first=Cristina|date=26 April 2016|language=es|publisher=[[BBC Mundo]]|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002655/http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160420_cultura_argentina_ego_complejo_inferioridad_ms|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Paradoxically, ''porteños'' are also described as highly self-critical, something that has been called "the other side of the ego coin."<ref name="ego2"/> Writers consider the existence of these [[Human behavior|behaviors]] the consequence of the European immigration and prosperity that the city experienced during the early 20th century, which generated a feeling of superiority in parts of the population.<ref name="ego"/> ===Art=== {{See also|Argentine painting|Category:Museums in Buenos Aires|l2=Museums in Buenos Aires}} [[File:FachadaModerno.jpg|thumb|left|[[Buenos Aires Museum of Modern Art]].]] Buenos Aires has a thriving arts culture,<ref name="heraldsunstreet">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/travel/world/south-america/buenos-aires-street-art-symbol-of-vibrant-city-and-dramatic-past/news-story/2f0642ccc271d23291380932b1a27b3a|title=Best Art in Buenos Aires|last1=Bredow|first1=Susan|date=20 June 2015|work=[[Herald Sun]]|publisher=The Herald and Weekly Times|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231062913/https://www.escape.com.au/destinations/south-america/buenos-aires-street-art-symbol-of-vibrant-city-and-dramatic-past/news-story/2f0642ccc271d23291380932b1a27b3a|url-status=live}}</ref> with "a huge inventory of museums, ranging from obscure to world-class."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bernhardson|first=Wayne|date=14 October 2008|title=Moon Buenos Aires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhBn9tKce4oC&pg=PA136|publisher=Avalon Travel|page=136|isbn=978-1566919913|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208055820/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhBn9tKce4oC&pg=PA136|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''barrios'' of [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]] and [[Recoleta, Buenos Aires|Recoleta]] are the city's traditional bastions in the diffusion of art, although in recent years there has been a tendency of appearance of exhibition venues in other districts such as [[Puerto Madero]] or [[La Boca, Buenos Aires|La Boca]]; renowned venues include [[MALBA]], the [[Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)|National Museum of Fine Arts]], Fundación Proa, [[Faena Arts Center]], and the [[Usina del Arte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/local-experts/buenos-aires/best-art-buenos-aires|title=Best Art in Buenos Airespast|last1=Chesterton|first1=Matt|date=August 2014|work=Travel + Leisure|publisher=Time Inc.|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223055109/http://www.travelandleisure.com/local-experts/buenos-aires/best-art-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Other popular institutions are the [[Buenos Aires Museum of Modern Art]], the [[Benito Quinquela Martín]] Museum, the Evita Museum, the [[Museo de Arte Hispanoamericano Isaac Fernández Blanco]], the José Hernández Museum, and the [[Palais de Glace]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/museos-de-la-ciudad|title=Museos de la ciudad|date=8 April 2014 |language=es|publisher=Government of the City of Buenos Aires|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204041331/http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/museos-de-la-ciudad|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A traditional event that occurs once a year is ''La Noche de los Museos'' ("Night of the Museums"), when the city's museums, universities, and artistic spaces open their doors for free until early morning; it usually takes place in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/la-noche-de-los-museos|title=La Noche de los Museos|date=12 November 2013 |language=es|publisher=Government of the City of Buenos Aires|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204084028/http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/la-noche-de-los-museos|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/free-buenos-aires-traveler/|title=Free Things to Do in Buenos Aires|magazine=National Geographic|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107014422/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/free-buenos-aires-traveler|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first major artistic movements in Argentina coincided with the first signs of political liberty in the country, such as the 1913 sanction of the secret ballot and universal male suffrage, the [[Hipólito Yrigoyen|first president to be popularly elected]] (1916), and the cultural revolution that involved the University Reform of 1918. In this context, in which there continued to be influence from the [[Paris School]] (Modigliani, Chagall, Soutine, Klee), three main groups arose. Buenos Aires has been the birthplace of several artists and [[Art movement|movements]] of national and international relevance and has become a central motif in Argentine artistic production, especially since the 20th century.<ref name="ciudadarte">{{cite web|url=http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/utopia/4_tema_01.php|title=La ciudad: arte y utopías|last=Battistozzi|first=Ana María|date=August 2005|language=es|publisher=Centro Virtual de Arte Argentino|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118164237/http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/utopia/4_tema_01.php|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Malba - Milla Museos.jpg|thumb|[[MALBA]]]] Examples include: the Paris Group – so named for being influenced by the [[School of Paris]] – constituted by [[Antonio Berni]], [[Aquiles Badi]], [[Lino Enea Spilimbergo]], [[Raquel Forner]] and [[Alfredo Bigatti]], among others; and<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/grupo_paris/3_intro.php|title=El grupo de París|last=Babino|first=Malena|date=September 2007|language=es|publisher=Centro Virtual de Arte Argentino|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124184046/http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/grupo_paris/3_intro.php|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> the La Boca artists – including [[Benito Quinquela Martín]] and Alfredo Lazzari, among others – who mostly came from Italy or were of Italian descent, and usually painted scenes from working-class port neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossiers_en/la_boca_en/3_intro.php|title=La Boca Artists|last1=Battiti|first1=Florencia|last2=Mezza|first2=Cintia|date=August 2006|publisher=Centro Virtual de Arte Argentino|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115235222/http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossiers_en/la_boca_en/3_intro.php|archive-date=15 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1960s, the [[Torcuato di Tella Institute]] – located in [[Florida Street]] – became a leading local center for [[pop art]], [[performance art]], [[installation art]], [[conceptual art]], and [[experimental theater]]; this generation of artists included [[Marta Minujín]], [[Dalila Puzzovio]], [[David Lamelas]], [[Clorindo Testa]] and [[Diana Dowek]]. Buenos Aires has also become a prominent center of contemporary [[street art]]; its welcoming attitude has made it one of the world's top capitals of such expression.<ref name="huffstreet"/><ref name="stuffnz"/> The city's turbulent modern political history has "bred an intense sense of expression in ''porteños''", and urban art has been used to depict these stories and as a means of protest.<ref name="heraldsunstreet"/><ref name="stuffnz">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/south-america/67631465/the-street-art-of-buenos-aires|title=The street art of Buenos Aires|last1=McFarlane|first1=Nyree|date=28 April 2015|publisher=[[stuff.co.nz]]|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111025523/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/south-america/67631465/the-street-art-of-buenos-aires|archive-date=11 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, not all of its street art concerns politics, it is also used as a symbol of democracy and freedom of expression.<ref name="heraldsunstreet"/> Murals and graffiti are so common that they are considered "an everyday occurrence," and have become part of the urban landscape of ''barrios'' such as Palermo, [[Villa Urquiza]], [[Coghlan, Buenos Aires|Coghlan]] and [[San Telmo, Buenos Aires|San Telmo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2016/01/24/1784837-el-arte-callejero-se-expande-la-ciudad-buenos-aires|title=El arte callejero se expande por la Ciudad de Buenos Aires|last1=Gorski|first1=Alana|date=24 January 2016|publisher=[[Infobae]]|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051508/http://www.infobae.com/2016/01/24/1784837-el-arte-callejero-se-expande-la-ciudad-buenos-aires|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This has to do with the legality of such activities —provided that the building owner has consented—, and the receptiveness of local authorities, who even subsidize various works.<ref name="huffstreet">{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/argentina-street-art_n_3224835.html|title=Argentina Welcomes Street Art, Buenos Aires Is Canvass For International Artists, Muralists|last1=Calatrava|first1=Almudena|date=5 June 2013|work=The Huffington Post|publisher=TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc.|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227095706/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/argentina-street-art_n_3224835.html|archive-date=27 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The abundance of places for urban artists to create their work, and the relatively lax rules for street art, have attracted international artists such as [[Blu (artist)|Blu]], [[Jef Aérosol]], Aryz, [[ROA (artist)|ROA]], and [[Ron English (artist)|Ron English]].<ref name="huffstreet"/> Guided tours to see murals and graffiti around the city have been growing steadily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/street-Buenos-Aires-seduce-mundo_0_941905884.html|title=El street art de Buenos Aires seduce al mundo|date=21 June 2013|work=Clarín|publisher=Clarín Group|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312110328/http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/street-Buenos-Aires-seduce-mundo_0_941905884.html|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature=== {{See also|Argentine literature}} [[File:El Ateneo Grand Splendid, Buenos Aires (38796014605).jpg|thumb|left|The interior of [[El Ateneo Grand Splendid]], a celebrated bookstore located in the ''barrio'' of [[Recoleta, Buenos Aires|Recoleta]].]] Buenos Aires has long been considered an intellectual and literary capital of [[Latin America]] and the [[Spanish-speaking world]].<ref name="publicpages">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dM9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Public Pages: Reading Along the Latin American Streetscape|access-date=21 March 2020|last=Schwartz|first=Marcy|date=2 May 2018|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=9781477315187|pages=64–84|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231062913/https://books.google.com/books?id=0dM9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8KPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174|language=es|page=174|access-date=21 March 2020|last3=Villanueva|first3=Darío|title=Lo que Borges le enseñó a Cervantes: Una introducción a la literatura comparada|last1=Domínguez|first1=César|last2=Saussy|first2=Haun|publisher=Taurus|location=Spain|year=2016|isbn=9788430618132|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816045341/https://books.google.com/books?id=b8KPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite its short urban history, Buenos Aires has an abundant literary production; its mythical-literary network "has grown at the same rate at which the streets of the city earned its shores to the pampas and buildings stretched its shadow on the curb."<ref name="kallinikos">{{cite magazine|last=Komi Kallinikos|first=Christina|year=2003|title=La ciudad literaria, portador material e inmaterial de memoria|url=http://fh.mdp.edu.ar/revistas/index.php/celehis/article/viewFile/618/621|language=es|magazine=Revista del Centro de Letras Hispanoamericanas|volume=12|number=15|location=[[Mar del Plata]], Argentina|publisher=[[National University of Mar del Plata]]|access-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206074543/http://fh.mdp.edu.ar/revistas/index.php/celehis/article/viewFile/618/621|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culture boomed along with the economy and the city emerged as a literary capital and the seat of South America's most powerful publishing industry,<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Buenos Aires|title=Contemporary Hispanic Crime Fiction: A Transatlantic Discourse on Urban Violence|pages=93–139|last=Close|first=Glen S.|isbn=978-1-349-60353-4|year=2008|location=United States|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|doi=10.1057/9780230614635_4}}</ref> and "even if the economic path grew rocky, ordinary Argentines embraced and stuck to the habit of reading."<ref name="insiderlit"/> By the 1930s, Buenos Aires was the undisputed literary capital of the Spanish-speaking world, with [[Victoria Ocampo]] founding the highly influential ''[[Sur (magazine)|Sur]]'' magazine—which dominated Spanish-language literature for thirty years—<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/125370/victoria-ocampo-y-la-revista-sur|language=es|access-date=21 March 2020|date=3 February 1979|title=Victoria Ocampo y la revista "Sur"|location=Mexico|work=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321232032/https://www.proceso.com.mx/125370/victoria-ocampo-y-la-revista-sur|url-status=live}}</ref> and the arrival of prominent Spanish writers and editors who were escaping the [[Spanish Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="insiderlit">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/argentinas-capital-is-the-worlds-capital-of-bookstores-2015-5|title=Argentina's capital is the world's capital of bookstores|date=1 May 2015|access-date=21 March 2020|work=[[Business Insider]]|last=Rey|first=Debora|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321232033/https://www.businessinsider.com/argentinas-capital-is-the-worlds-capital-of-bookstores-2015-5|url-status=live}}</ref> Buenos Aires is one of the most prolific book publishers in Latin America and has more bookstores per capita than any other major city in the world.<ref name="insiderlit"/><ref name="bookcapital">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/19/argentina-books-bookstores-reading|title=A novel oasis: why Argentina is the bookshop capital of the world|last1=Goñi|first1=Uki|date=20 June 2015|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108080411/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/19/argentina-books-bookstores-reading|archive-date=8 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Buenos Aires has at least 734 bookstores—roughly 25 bookshops for every 100,000 inhabitants—far above other world cities like London, Paris, Madrid, Moscow and New York.<ref name="insiderlit"/><ref name="bookcapital"/> The city also has a thriving market for secondhand books, ranking third in terms of secondhand bookshops per inhabitant, most of them congregated along [[Avenida Corrientes]].<ref name="bookcapital"/> Buenos Aires' book market has been described as "catholic in taste, immune to fads or fashion", with "wide and varied demand."<ref name="bookcapital"/> The popularity of reading among ''porteños'' has been variously linked to the wave of mass immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and to the city's "obsession" with psychoanalysis.<ref name="bookcapital"/> The [[Buenos Aires International Book Fair]] has been a major event in the city since the first fair in 1975,<ref name="publicpages"/> having been described as "perhaps the most important and largest annual literary event in the Spanish-speaking world,"<ref name="bookfair19">{{cite web|url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/culture/ba-book-fair-returns-for-2019-what-to-look-out-for.phtml|title=Buenos Aires Book Fair returns for 2019: what to look out for|last=Lyskawa|first=Madeline|date=20 April 2019|access-date=21 March 2020|work=Buenos Aires Times|publisher=[[Perfil]]|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322012435/https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/culture/ba-book-fair-returns-for-2019-what-to-look-out-for.phtml|url-status=live}}</ref> and "the most important cultural event in Latin America".<ref name="efelibro">{{cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/cultura/la-feria-del-libro-de-buenos-aires-cierra-con-casi-dos-millones-visitantes/20000009-3975467|language=es|title=La Feria del Libro de Buenos Aires cierra con casi dos millones de visitantes|access-date=22 March 2020|date=14 May 2019|publisher=[[EFE]]|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514032028/https://www.efe.com/efe/america/cultura/la-feria-del-libro-de-buenos-aires-cierra-con-casi-dos-millones-visitantes/20000009-3975467|url-status=live}}</ref> In its 2019 edition, the Book Fair was attended by 1.8 million people.<ref name="efelibro"/> Buenos Aires was designated as the [[World Book Capital]] for the year 2011 by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Buenos Aires chosen by UN cultural agency as World Book Capital for 2011 |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2009/06/303362-buenos-aires-chosen-un-cultural-agency-world-book-capital-2011 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419134227/https://news.un.org/en/story/2009/06/303362-buenos-aires-chosen-un-cultural-agency-world-book-capital-2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Music=== {{See also|Music of Argentina|Argentine tango|Argentine rock}} [[File:Buenos Aires Festival y Mundial de Tango.jpg|thumb|Tango dancers during the [[World tango dance tournament]].]] According to the ''[[Harvard Dictionary of Music]]'', "Argentina has one of the richest [[art music]] traditions and perhaps the most active contemporary musical life" in South America.<ref name="harvardmusic">{{cite book|date=28 November 2003|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|url=https://archive.org/details/harvarddictionar0004unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Belknap Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/harvarddictionar0004unse/page/53 53]–54|isbn=978-0674011632|access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> Buenos Aires boasts of several professional orchestras, including the [[Argentine National Symphony Orchestra]], the Ensamble Musical de Buenos Aires and the [[Camerata Bariloche]]; as well as various conservatories that offer professional music education, like the [[Conservatorio Nacional Superior de Música (Argentina)|Conservatorio Nacional Superior de Música]].<ref name="harvardmusic"/> As a result of the growth and commercial prosperity of the city in the late 18th century, [[theater]] became a vital force in Argentine musical life, offering Italian and French operas and Spanish [[zarzuelas]].<ref name="harvardmusic"/> Italian music was very influential during the 19th century and the early 20th century, in part because of immigration, but operas and salon music were also composed by Argentines, including Francisco Hargreaves and Juan Gutiérrez.<ref name="harvardmusic"/> A nationalist trend that drew from Argentine traditions, literature and folk music was an important force during the 19th century, including composers [[Alberto Williams]], Julián Aguirre, Arturo Berutti and [[Felipe Boero]].<ref name="harvardmusic"/> In the 1930s, composers such as [[Juan Carlos Paz]] and [[Alberto Ginastera]] "began to espouse a cosmopolitan and [[modernist]] style, influenced by [[twelve-tone technique]]s and [[serialism]]"; while [[avant-garde music]] thrived by the 1960s, with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] financing the Centro Interamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales, which brought internationally famous composers to work and teach in Buenos Aires, also establishing an [[electronic music]] studio.<ref name="harvardmusic"/> [[File:Orquesta Estudiantil de Buenos Aires (7983428800).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Buenos Aires Philharmonic]].]] The Río de la Plata is known for being the birthplace of [[Tango (dance)|tango]], which is considered an emblem of Buenos Aires.<ref name="tanguerias">{{cite web|url=http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/tanguer%C3%ADas-milongas-y-clases-de-tango|title=Tanguerías, milongas y clases de tango|language=es|publisher=Government of the City of Buenos Aires|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107094440/http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/tanguer%C3%ADas-milongas-y-clases-de-tango|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The city considers itself the Tango World Capital, and as such hosts many related events, the most important being [[World tango dance tournament|an annual festival and world tournament]].<ref name="tanguerias"/> The most important exponent of the genre is [[Carlos Gardel]], followed by [[Aníbal Troilo]]; other important composers include Alfredo Gobbi, [[Ástor Piazzolla]], [[Osvaldo Pugliese]], [[Mariano Mores]], [[Juan D'Arienzo]] and [[Juan Carlos Cobián]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/compositores |title=Compositores |language=es |publisher=Government of the City of Buenos Aires |access-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214164122/http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/compositores |archive-date=14 February 2016 }}</ref> Tango music experienced a period of splendor during the 1940s, while in the 1960s and 1970s [[nuevo tango]] appeared, incorporating elements of classical and jazz music. A contemporary trend is [[neotango]] (also known as electrotango), with exponents such as [[Bajofondo]] and [[Gotan Project]]. On 30 September 2009, UNESCO's Intergovernmental Committee of Intangible Heritage declared tango part of the world's cultural heritage, making Argentina eligible to receive financial assistance in safeguarding tango for future generations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/30/tango-on-unesco-world-her_n_304023.html |title=Tango on UNESCO world heritage list |work=Huffington Post |date=30 September 2009 |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501114436/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/30/tango-on-unesco-world-her_n_304023.html |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosts several music festivals every year. A popular genre is [[electronic dance music]], with festivals including [[Creamfields BA]], [[SAMC]], [[Moonpark]], and a local edition of [[Ultra Music Festival]]. Other well-known events include the [[Buenos Aires Jazz Festival]], [[Personal Fest]], [[Quilmes Rock]] and [[Pepsi Music Festival|Pepsi Music]]. Some music festivals are held in [[Greater Buenos Aires]], like [[Lollapalooza]], which takes place at the [[Hipódromo de San Isidro]] in [[San Isidro, Buenos Aires|San Isidro]]. ===Cinema=== {{Main|Cinema of Argentina}} [[File:Gaumont Cinema.jpg|thumb|upright|[[:es:Cine Gaumont|Gaumont Cinema]] opened in 1912.]] [[Cinema of Argentina|Argentine cinema]] history began in Buenos Aires with the first film exhibition on 18 July 1896 at the [[Teatro Odeón]].<ref name="surdelsur">{{cite web|url=http://surdelsur.com/es/historia-cine-argentino/|title=Historia del Cine Argentino (1896–1945)|last1=Sendrós|first1=Paraná|date=28 July 2014 |publisher=El Sur del Sur|access-date=29 February 2016|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306045440/http://surdelsur.com/es/historia-cine-argentino/|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cineoficial">{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gob.ar/informacion/cultura/105-cine.php|title=Cultura: Cine|publisher=Presidency of the Argentine Nation|access-date=29 February 2016|language=es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306162448/http://www.argentina.gob.ar/informacion/cultura/105-cine.php|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> With his 1897 film, ''[[La bandera Argentina]]'', [[Eugène Py]] became one of the first filmmakers of the country; the film features a waving Argentine flag located at Plaza de Mayo.<ref name="cineoficial"/> In the early 20th century, the first [[movie theaters]] of the country opened in Buenos Aires, and [[newsreel]]s appeared, most notably ''El Viaje de Campos Salles a Buenos Aires''.<ref name="cineoficial"/> The real industry emerged with the advent of [[sound film]]s, the first one being ''[[Muñequitas porteñas]]'' (1931).<ref name="surdelsur"/><ref name="cineoficial"/> The newly founded [[Argentina Sono Film]] released ''[[¡Tango!]]'' in 1933, the first integral sound production in the country.<ref name="cineoficial"/> During the 1930s and the 1940s (commonly referred as the "Golden Age" of Argentine cinema), many films revolved around the city of Buenos Aires and tango culture, reflected in titles such as ''[[La vida es un tango]]'', ''[[El alma del bandoneón]]'', ''[[Goodbye Buenos Aires|Adiós Buenos Aires]]'', ''[[El Cantor de Buenos Aires]]'' and ''[[Buenos Aires Sings|Buenos Aires canta]]''. [[Cinema of Argentina|Argentine films]] were exported across Latin America, specially [[Libertad Lamarque]]'s melodramas, and the comedies of [[Luis Sandrini]] and [[Niní Marshall]]. The popularity of local cinema in the Spanish-speaking world played a key role in the massification of tango music. [[Carlos Gardel]], an iconic figure of tango and Buenos Aires, became an international star by starring in several films during that era. In response to large studio productions, the "Generation of the 60s" appeared, a group of filmmakers that produced the first [[Modernism|modernist]] films in Argentina during the early years of that decade. These included [[Manuel Antín]], [[Lautaro Murúa]] and [[René Mugica]], among others.<ref name="surdelsur2">{{cite web|url=http://surdelsur.com/es/cine-argentino/|title=El Cine Argentino (1945–1995)|last1=Sendrós|first1=Paraná|date=29 July 2014 |publisher=El Sur del Sur|access-date=29 February 2016|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190124/http://surdelsur.com/es/cine-argentino/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:La Ciudad al Aire Libre.jpg|thumb|left|A screening at [[Parque Centenario]], as part of the 2011 edition of [[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema|BAFICI]]]] During the second half of the decade, films of social protest were presented in clandestine exhibitions, the work of [[Grupo Cine Liberación]] and Grupo Cine de la Base, who advocated what they called "[[Third Cinema]]". At that time, the country was under a [[military dictatorship]] after the [[coup d'état]] known as [[Argentine Revolution]]. One of the most notable films of this movement is {{lang|es|[[The Hour of the Furnaces|La hora de los hornos]]}} (1968) by [[Fernando Solanas]]. During the period of democracy between 1973 and 1975, the local cinema experienced critical and commercial success, with titles including ''[[Juan Moreira (1973 film)|Juan Moreira]]'' (1973), ''[[La Patagonia rebelde]]'' (1974), ''[[La Raulito]]'' (1975), and ''[[The Truce (1974 film)|La tregua]]'' (1974) – which became the first Argentine film nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]. However, because of censorship and a new military government, Argentine cinema stalled until the return of democracy in the 1980s. This generation – known as "Argentine Cinema in Liberty and Democracy" – were mostly young or postponed filmmakers and gained international notoriety. ''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]'' (1984) by [[María Luisa Bemberg]] was nominated for the Best Foreign Film at the Academy Awards, and [[Luis Puenzo]]'s ''[[La historia oficial]]'' (1985) was the first Argentine film to receive the award. Located in Buenos Aires is the Pablo Ducrós Hicken Museum of Cinema, the only one in the country dedicated to Argentine cinema and a pioneer of its kind in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/museodelcine/historia|title=Museo del Cine: Historia|publisher=Government of the City of Buenos Aires|access-date=29 February 2016|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306055500/http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/museodelcine/historia|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Every year, the city hosts the [[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema]] (BAFICI), which, in its 2015 edition, featured 412 films from 37 countries, and an attendance of 380 thousand people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://festivales.buenosaires.gob.ar/2015/bafici/es|title=Un festival en constante crecimiento|publisher=Government of the City of Buenos Aires|access-date=29 February 2016|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228200102/http://festivales.buenosaires.gob.ar/2015/bafici/es|archive-date=28 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Buenos Aires also hosts various other festivals and film cycles, like the [[Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre]], devoted to horror. ===Media=== {{Main|Media of Argentina}} Buenos Aires is home to five Argentine television networks: America, [[Channel 7 (Argentina)|Television Pública Argentina]], [[Channel 9 (Argentina)|El Nueve]], [[Telefe]], and [[Channel 13 (Argentina)|El Trece]]. Four of them are located in Buenos Aires, and the studios of America is located in [[La Plata]]. ===Fashion=== [[File:BAFWEEK planetario.jpg|thumb|A fashion show at the [[Galileo Galilei planetarium|Planetarium]] in 2013, as part of [[BAFWEEK]].]] Buenos Aires' inhabitants have been historically characterized as "fashion-conscious".<ref>{{cite book|last=Espsäter|first=María M.|date=8 August 2014|title=Uruguay Focus: Includes Montevideo, Punta del Este, Colonia del Sacramento|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RspUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|page=92|isbn=978-1909268722|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208055820/https://books.google.com/books?id=RspUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Catherine|last2=Owen|first2=Hilary|last3=Brewster|first3=Claire|date=3 January 2007|title=South American Independence: Gender, Politics, Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiAkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=266|isbn=978-1846316845|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208055820/https://books.google.com/books?id=RiAkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Greenberg|first1=Arnold|last2=Tristan|first2=Linda|year=1999|title=Buenos Aires and the Best of Argentina Alive!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0yQXYargRMC&pg=RA1-PA1992|publisher=Hunter Publishing|page=1992|isbn=978-1556508813|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208055820/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0yQXYargRMC&pg=RA1-PA1992|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> National designers display their collections annually at the [[Buenos Aires Fashion Week]] (BAFWEEK) and related events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vos.lavoz.com.ar/content/bafweek-celebra-en-grande |title=BAFWeek cumple 10 años |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=Vos.lavoz.com.ar |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326071741/http://vos.lavoz.com.ar/content/bafweek-celebra-en-grande |archive-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Inevitably being a season behind, it fails to receive much international attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentinaindependent.com/life-style/fashion/top-5-argentine-fashion-designers/|title=Top 5 Argentine Fashion Designers|last1=Roberts|first1=Mhairi|date=6 July 2011|publisher=[[The Argentina Independent]]|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911161828/http://www.argentinaindependent.com/life-style/fashion/top-5-argentine-fashion-designers/|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, the city remains an important regional fashion capital. According to [[Global Language Monitor]], {{As of|2017|lc=y}} the city is the 20th leading fashion capital in the world, ranking second in [[Latin America]] after [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/new-york-bests-paris-for-2017-top-global-fashion-capital-title/|title=New York Bests Paris for 2017 Top Global Fashion Capital Title|date=September 2017|access-date=26 April 2018|publisher=[[Global Language Monitor]]|location=Austin, Texas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426145040/https://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/new-york-bests-paris-for-2017-top-global-fashion-capital-title/|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Buenos Aires was appointed as the first [[UNESCO]] City of Design,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D28228%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717225831/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=28228&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |title=Buenos Aires, Argentina appointed UNESCO City of Design |publisher=Portal.unesco.org |access-date=2 May 2012 }}</ref> and received this title once again in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001592/159264e.pdf |title=Buenos Aires: UNESCO City of Design |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607214850/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001592/159264e.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2015, the Buenos Aires International Fashion Film Festival Buenos Aires (BAIFFF) takes place, sponsored by the city and [[Mercedes-Benz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/llega-baifff-el-primer-festival-de-fashion-films-de-argentina|title=Llega BAIFFF, el Primer Festival de Fashion Films de la Argentina|date=7 April 2015|publisher=Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917153145/http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/llega-baifff-el-primer-festival-de-fashion-films-de-argentina|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The government of the city also organizes La Ciudad de Moda ("The City of Fashion"), an annual event that serves as a platform for emerging creators and attempts to boost the sector by providing management tools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/la-ciudad-de-moda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216175934/http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/la-ciudad-de-moda|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2016|title=La Ciudad de MODA|date=March 2016|publisher=Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> The fashionable [[neighborhood]] of Palermo, particularly the area known as [[Palermo Soho|Soho]], is where the latest fashion and design trends are presented.<ref name="barriosfashion"/> The "''sub-barrio''" of Palermo Viejo is also a popular port of call for fashion in the city.<ref name="hedonist"/> An increasing number of young, independent designers are also setting up their own shops in Bohemian San Telmo, known for its wide variety of markets and antique shops.<ref name="barriosfashion"/> Recoleta, on the other hand, is the epicenter of branches of exclusive and upscale fashion houses.<ref name="barriosfashion">{{cite web|url=http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/barrios-distritos-y-eventos|title=Barrios, distritos y eventos|date=13 June 2014 |publisher=Autonomous City of Buenos Aires|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017174501/http://www.turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/barrios-distritos-y-eventos|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In particular, [[Avenida Alvear]] is home to the most exclusive representatives of haute couture in the city.<ref name="hedonist">{{cite book|last=Froggatt|first=Charles|date=21 June 2007|title=A Hedonist's Guide to Buenos Aires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLtMAJoKexEC&pg=PA175|publisher=HG2|page=175|isbn=978-1905428083|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208055820/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLtMAJoKexEC&pg=PA175|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Architecture=== {{See also|Architecture of Argentina}} Buenos Aires architecture is characterized by its eclectic nature, with elements resembling [[Paris]] and [[Madrid]]. There is a mix, due to [[Immigration in Argentina|immigration]], of [[Spanish colonial architecture|Colonial]], [[Art Deco]], [[Art Nouveau]], [[Neo-Gothic]], and [[House of Bourbon|French Bourbon]] styles.<ref>[http://www.bue.gov.ar/?ncMenu=49 Portal Oficial de Turismo de Buenos Aires: Arquitectura] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152524/http://www.bue.gov.ar/?ncMenu=49 |date=27 September 2011 }} (Spanish)</ref> Italian and French influences increased after the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration of independence]] at the beginning of the 19th century, although the academic style persisted until the first decades of the 20th century. Attempts at renovation took place during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when European influences penetrated into the country, reflected by several buildings of Buenos Aires such as the Iglesia Santa Felicitas by Ernesto Bunge; the Palace of Justice, the [[Palace of the Argentine National Congress|National Congress]], all of them by [[Vittorio Meano]], and the [[Teatro Colón]], by [[Francesco Tamburini]] and [[Vittorio Meano]]. The simplicity of the ''[[Río de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'' [[baroque|baroque style]] can be clearly seen in Buenos Aires through the works of Italian architects such as André Blanqui and Antonio Masella, in the churches of [[Saint Ignatius Church (Buenos Aires)|San Ignacio]], [[Our Lady of the Pillar|Nuestra Señora del Pilar]], the [[Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral]] and the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo|Cabildo]]. [[File:Cabildo de Buenos Aires, calle Bolivar.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|View of Bolívar Street facing the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo|Cabildo]] and [[Avenida Roque Sáenz Peña|Diagonal Norte]], on Buenos Aires' historical center. The city's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including [[Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish Colonial]], [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and [[modernist architecture]].]] In 1912, the Basilica del Santisimo Sacramento was opened to the public; its construction was funded by the generous donation of Argentine philanthropist [[Mercedes Castellanos de Anchorena]], a member of Argentina's most prominent family. The church is an excellent example of French neo-classicism. With extremely high-grade decorations in its interior, the magnificent Mutin-Cavaillé coll organ (the biggest ever installed in an Argentine church with more than four thousand tubes and four manuals) presided the nave. The altar is full of marble and was the biggest ever built in South America at that time.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/Celebran-anos-cripta-Santisimo-Sacramento_0_504549647.html Clarín.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401075203/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/Celebran-anos-cripta-Santisimo-Sacramento_0_504549647.html |date=1 April 2012 }} "Celebran hoy los 100 años de la cripta del Santísimo Sacramento" 23 June 2011</ref> In 1919, the construction of Palacio Barolo began. This was South America's tallest building at the time and was the first Argentine skyscraper built with concrete (1919–1923).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbarolo.com.ar |title=Palacio Barolo |publisher=Pbarolo.com.ar |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628050200/http://www.pbarolo.com.ar/ |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The building was equipped with 9 elevators, plus a {{convert|20|m|ft|round=5|adj=mid|-high|sp=us|spell=in}} lobby hall with paintings in the ceiling and Latin phrases embossed in golden bronze letters. A 300,000-candela beacon was installed at the top (110 m), making the building visible even from Uruguay. In 2009, the Barolo Palace went under an exhaustive restoration, and the beacon was made operational again. In 1936, the {{convert|120|m|ft|round=5|adj=mid|-tall|sp=us}} [[Kavanagh Building]] was inaugurated. The building, with its 12 elevators (provided by [[Otis Worldwide|Otis]]) and the world's first central air conditioning system (provided by the North American company [[Carrier Global|Carrier]]), is still an architectural landmark in Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/capital_federal/Vivir-Kavanagh-lujo-vecinos-perfil_0_523147815.html Clarín.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222031107/http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/capital_federal/Vivir-Kavanagh-lujo-vecinos-perfil_0_523147815.html |date=22 February 2012 }} "Vivir en el Kavanagh, un lujo para vecinos de perfil bajo" 24 July 2011</ref> The architecture of the second half of the 19th century continued to reproduce French [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassic]] models, such as the headquarters of the Banco de la Nación Argentina built by [[Alejandro Bustillo]], and the Museo Hispanoamericano de Buenos Aires of Martín Noel. However, since the 1930s, the influence of [[Le Corbusier]] and European [[rationalism]] consolidated in a group of young architects from the [[National University of Tucumán|University of Tucumán]], among whom [[Amancio Williams]] stands out. The construction of skyscrapers proliferated in Buenos Aires until the 1950s. Newer modern high-technology buildings by Argentine architects in the last years of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st include the [[Le Parc Tower]] by Mario Álvarez, the Torre Fortabat by Sánchez Elía, and the [[Repsol-YPF Tower]] by [[César Pelli]]. ===Theaters=== [[File:Panorámica interior del Teatro Colón (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Teatro Colón]].]] Buenos Aires has over 280 [[Theater (structure)|theaters]], more than any other city in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1074260-la-ciudad-con-mas-teatros-del-mundo|title=La ciudad con más teatros del mundo|date=26 November 2008|newspaper=La Nación|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302053849/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1074260-la-ciudad-con-mas-teatros-del-mundo|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of this, Buenos Aires is declared the "World's Capital of Theater".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.travel/en/xp/buenos-aires-latin-america-s-theatre-capital/4216|title=ABCD|website=Argentina.travel|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070738/https://www.argentina.travel/en/xp/buenos-aires-latin-america-s-theatre-capital/4216#.WPF0i4g1_IU|archive-date=24 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> They show everything from musicals to ballet, comedy to circuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/en/article/theatre-film|title=A city of theatre, film, literature and music|website=Official English Website for the City of Buenos Aires|date=7 October 2014|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420051459/https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/en/article/theatre-film|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of them are: *[[Teatro Colón]] is ranked the third best opera house in the world by National Geographic,<ref>[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/ "Top 10: Opera Houses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001093729/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses |date=1 October 2016 }} on travel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014</ref> and is acoustically considered to be among the world's five best concert venues. It is bounded by the wide [[9 de Julio Avenue]] (technically Cerrito Street), Arturo Toscanini Street, Tucumán Street, as well as Libertad Street at its main entrance.<ref>[http://www.teatrocolon.org.ar/English/history.htm History of the Teatro Colón (Colón Theater; in English)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517070546/http://www.teatrocolon.org.ar/English/history.htm |date=17 May 2008 }}</ref> It is in the heart of the city on a site once occupied by [[Ferrocarril Oeste de Buenos Aires|Ferrocarril Oeste]]'s ''Plaza Parque'' station. *[[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires)|Cervantes Theater]] (Teatro Nacional Cervantes), located on [[Córdoba Avenue]] and two blocks north of Buenos Aires' renowned [[opera house]], the Colón Theater, the Cervantes houses three performance halls, of which the María Guerrero Salon serves as its main hall. Its {{convert|456|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} stage features a {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} rotating circular platform and can be extended by a further {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The Guerrero Salon can seat 860 spectators, including 512 in the galleries. A secondary hall, the Orestes Caviglia Salon, can seat 150 and is mostly reserved for [[chamber music]] concerts. The Luisa Vehíl Salon is a multipurpose room known for its extensive [[gold leaf]] decor. *[[Teatro Gran Rex]] opened on 8 July 1937 as the largest cinema in [[South America]] of its time; it is an [[Art Deco]]-style theater. *[[Avenida Theatre|Teatro Avenida]] (Avenida Theater) was inaugurated on Buenos Aires' central [[Avenida de Mayo]] in 1908 with a production of [[Spanish literature|Spanish dramatist]] [[Lope de Vega]]'s ''Justice Without Revenge''. The production was directed by [[María Guerrero]], a [[Spanish Argentine]] [[theater director]] who popularized classical drama in Argentina during the late 19th century and would establish the important Cervantes Theater (Teatro Nacional Cervantes) in 1921. ===Sports=== {{Main|Category:Sport in Buenos Aires|Football in Buenos Aires}} [[File:La Bombonera.jpg|thumb|left|''[[La Bombonera]]'' during a night game of [[Copa Libertadores]] between [[Boca Juniors]] v. [[Colo Colo]].]] Buenos Aires has been a candidate city for the Summer Olympic Games on three occasions: for the [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Games]], which were lost by a single vote to Melbourne; for the [[1968 Summer Olympics]], held in [[Mexico City]]; and in [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]], when the games were awarded to [[Athens]]. However, Buenos Aires hosted the first [[1951 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] (1951)<ref name="Time Out"/> and was also host city to several World Championship events: the [[1950 FIBA World Championship|1950]] and [[1990 FIBA World Championship|1990]] [[FIBA World Championship|Basketball World Championships]], the 1982 and 2002 [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship|Men's Volleyball World Championships]] and, most remembered, the [[1978 FIFA World Cup]], won by [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] on 25 June 1978, when it defeated the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] at the Estadio Monumental 3–1. In September 2013, the city hosted the [[125th IOC Session|125th]] [[IOC Session]], Tokyo was elected the host city of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] and Thomas Bach was new [[IOC President]]. Buenos Aires [[Buenos Aires bid for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|bid]] to host the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Buenos Aires, Argentina to bid for 2018 Youth Olympic Games |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/youth_olympic_bids/1216135867.html |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=Games Bids Inc. |date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106175649/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/youth_olympic_bids/1216135867.html |archive-date=6 January 2012 }}</ref> On 4 July 2013, the IOC elected Buenos Aires as the host city.<ref name=autogenerated1/> Buenos Aires hosted the [[2006 South American Games]] too. [[Association football|Football]] is a popular pastime among many of the city's citizens, as Buenos Aires, featuring no fewer than 24 professional teams, has the highest concentration of teams of any city in the world.<ref name="observer">[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1182710,00.html 50 sporting things you must do before you die] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112123418/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1182710,00.html |date=12 January 2012 }}, ''[[The Observer]]''Royal Madrid, 4 April 2004</ref> with many of its teams playing in the major league. The [[Superclásico|best-known rivalry]] is the one between [[Boca Juniors]] and [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], the match is better known as [[Superclásico]]. Watching a match between these two teams was deemed one of the "50 sporting things you must do before you die" by ''The Observer''.<ref name="observer"/> Other major clubs include [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo de Almagro]], [[Club Atlético Huracán]], [[Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield|Vélez Sarsfield]], [[Chacarita Juniors]], [[Club Ferro Carril Oeste]], [[Club Atlético Nueva Chicago|Nueva Chicago]] and [[Asociación Atlética Argentinos Juniors]]. [[Diego Maradona]], born in [[Lanús Partido]], a county south of Buenos Aires, is widely hailed as one of the sport's greatest players of all time. Maradona started his career with [[Argentinos Juniors]] and went on to play for [[Boca Juniors]], the [[Argentina national football team|national football team]] and others (most notably [[FC Barcelona]] in Spain and [[S.S.C. Napoli|SSC Napoli]] in Italy).<ref>[http://www.diegomaradona.com/ingles/ihistoria.html Complete list here on the left] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302213753/http://www.diegomaradona.com/ingles/ihistoria.html |date=2 March 2010 }}</ref> [[File:La Catedral del Polo.jpg|thumb|[[Campo Argentino de Polo]], home of the [[Argentine Open Polo Championship]], the most important global event of this discipline]] [[File:Court central Buenos Aires Lawn Tennis Club.jpg|thumb|[[Buenos Aires Lawn Tennis Club]]]] In 1912, the practice of basketball in Argentina was started by the ''Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes (YMCA)'' of Buenos Aires,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120311233226/http://www.ymca.org.ar/historia-en-argentina/ Historia en la Argentina] on Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes en la Argentina website (Archive – 11 March 2012)</ref> when Canadian professor Paul Phillip was in charge of teaching basketball at the YMCA of Paseo Colón Avenue. The first basketball clubs in Argentina, [[Hindú Club|Hindú]] and [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], were located at the YMCAs of the [[Greater Buenos Aires]] metropolitan area. By 1912 the first basketball games were held by YMCA headquarters in Buenos Aires. Nowadays, the [[Argentine Basketball Confederation]] is headquartered in Buenos Aires. Argentina has been the home of world champions in professional [[boxing]]. [[Carlos Monzon]] was a hall of fame World Middleweight champion, and the former lineal Middleweight champion [[Sergio Martínez (boxer)|Sergio Martinez]] hails from Argentina. [[Omar Narváez (boxer)|Omar Narvaez]], [[Lucas Matthysse]], [[Carolina Duer]], and [[Marcos Maidana]] are five modern-day world champions as well. Argentines' love for horses can be experienced in several ways: [[horse racing]] at the ''[[Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo]]'' [[race track|racetrack]], [[polo]] in the ''[[Campo Argentino de Polo]]'' (located just across Libertador Avenue from the ''Hipódromo''), and [[pato]], a kind of basketball played on horseback that was declared the national game in 1953. Polo was brought to the country in the second half of the 19th century by English immigrants. The first rugby union match in Argentina was played in 1873 in the [[Buenos Aires Cricket Club Ground]], located in the neighborhood of [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]], where the [[Galileo Galilei planetarium]] is located today. Rugby enjoys widespread popularity in Buenos Aires, most especially in the north of the city, which boasts more than eighty rugby clubs. The city is home to the Argentine [[Super Rugby]] franchise, the [[Jaguares (Super Rugby)|Jaguares]]. The [[Argentina national rugby union team]] competes in Buenos Aires in international matches such as the [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]]. Buenos Aires native [[Guillermo Vilas]] (who was raised in [[Mar del Plata]]) and [[Gabriela Sabatini]] were great tennis players of the 1970s and 1980s<ref name="Time Out"/> and popularized tennis Nationwide in Argentina. Vilas won the [[ATP Buenos Aires]] numerous times in the 1970s. Other popular sports in Buenos Aires are [[golf]], [[basketball]], [[rugby union|rugby]] and [[field hockey]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] won five [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Formula One World Driver's Championships]], and was only outstripped by [[Michael Schumacher]] and [[Lewis Hamilton]], with seven Championships. The Buenos Aires [[Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez|Oscar Gálvez]] car-racing track hosted 20 [[Formula One]] events as the [[Argentine Grand Prix]], between 1953 and 1998; it was discontinued on financial grounds. The track features various local categories on most weekends. The [[2009 Dakar Rally|2009]], [[2010 Dakar Rally|2010]], [[2011 Dakar Rally|2011]], [[2015 Dakar Rally|2015]] [[Dakar Rally]] started and ended in the city. {{wide image|River Monumental Panoramic.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|[[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti|''El Monumental'']], home of [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], hosted the final game of the [[1978 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup Championship in 1978]] }} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page