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Do not fill this in! === Geographical epidemiology === The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many African, Caribbean, South Asian, and eastern European countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the U.S. population test positive.<ref name="Robbins" /> Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of many factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.<ref name="Lancet11" /> In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health, such that when the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] was formed in Britain in 1913 its initial focus was tuberculosis research.<ref>{{cite web | work = [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] | url = http://www.mrc.ac.uk/index/about/about-history/about-history-2.htm | title = Origins of the MRC. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411164838/http://www.mrc.ac.uk/index/about/about-history/about-history-2.htm | archive-date=11 April 2008 | access-date = 7 October 2006 }}</ref> In 2010, rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139.<ref name="WHO2011Control" /> ==== Russia ==== Russia has achieved particularly dramatic progress with a decline in its TB mortality rate—from 61.9 per 100,000 in 1965 to 2.7 per 100,000 in 1993;<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Shkolnikov VM, Meslé F |chapter=The Russian Epidemiological Crisis as Mirrored by Mortality Trends |page=142 |year=1996 |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF124.html |language=en |veditors=DaVanzo J, Farnsworth G |title=Russia's Demographic "Crisis" |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=0-8330-2446-9 |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220171629/https://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF124.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=WHO2011a>{{cite web | url = https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html | title = Global Tuberculosis Control | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061212123736/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html | archive-date=12 December 2006 | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2011 }}</ref> however, mortality rate increased to 24 per 100,000 in 2005 and then recoiled to 11 per 100,000 by 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=RU&LAN=EN&outtype=html|title=WHO global tuberculosis report 2016. Annex 2. Country profiles: Russian Federation|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714043942/https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=RU&LAN=EN&outtype=html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== China ==== China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010.<ref name=WHO2011Control/> The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004 and 2014.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> ==== Africa ==== In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was [[Eswatini]], with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. In 2017, the country with the highest estimated [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence rate]] as a % of the population was [[Lesotho]], with 665 cases per 100,000 people.<ref name="Global tuberculosis report 2018">{{cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2018|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274453/9789241565646-eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807121356/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274453/9789241565646-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}</ref> In South Africa, 54 200 people died in 2022 from TB. The incidence rate was 468 per 100 000 people; in 2015, this was 988 per 100 000. The total incidence was 280 000 in 2022; in 2015, this was 552 000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomlinson |first=Catherine |date=2023-11-10 |title=In-depth: What new WHO TB numbers mean for South Africa |url=https://www.spotlightnsp.co.za/2023/11/10/in-depth-what-new-who-tb-numbers-mean-for-sa/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Spotlight |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== India ==== As of 2017, India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2,740,000 cases.<ref name="Global tuberculosis report 2018"/> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), in 2000–2015, India's estimated mortality rate dropped from 55 to 36 per 100,000 population per year with estimated 480 thousand people died of TB in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=IN&LAN=EN&outtype=html|title=WHO Global tuberculosis report 2016: India|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206193815/https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=IN&LAN=EN&outtype=html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-govt-revisits-strategy-to-combat-tuberculosis-nadda-2388967|title=Govt revisits strategy to combat tuberculosis|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=8 April 2017|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603072417/https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-govt-revisits-strategy-to-combat-tuberculosis-nadda-2388967|url-status=live}}</ref> In India a major proportion of tuberculosis patients are being treated by private partners and private hospitals. Evidence indicates that the tuberculosis national survey does not represent the number of cases that are diagnosed and recorded by private clinics and hospitals in India.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahla RS | title = Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 836 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30064674 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30401-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==== North America ==== In the United States, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] have a fivefold greater mortality from TB,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Birn AE |title= Textbook of International Health: Global Health in a Dynamic World |year= 2009 |page= 261 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-988521-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2XBB4-eYGZIC&pg=PT261 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906213750/https://books.google.com/books?id=2XBB4-eYGZIC&pg=PT261 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref> and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/surv/surv2012/slides/surv12.htm|title=CDC Surveillance Slides 2012 – TB|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109150519/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/surv/surv2012/slides/surv12.htm|archive-date=9 November 2013|date=24 October 2018|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> The overall tuberculosis case rate in the United States was 3 per 100,000 persons in 2017.<ref name="Global tuberculosis report 2018"/> In Canada, tuberculosis was endemic in some rural areas as of 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102188560.html|title=Rural outbreaks of ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' in a Canadian province|journal=Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother|year=1998|volume=38|page=555 |id=abstract no. L-27|vauthors=Al-Azem A, Kaushal Sharma M, Turenne C, Hoban D, Hershfield E, MacMorran J, Kabani A|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118161808/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102188560.html |archive-date=18 November 2011 }}</ref> ==== Western Europe ==== In 2017, in the United Kingdom, the national average was 9 per 100,000 and the highest incidence rates in [[Western Europe]] were 20 per 100,000 in Portugal. <gallery widths="300" heights="210"> File:Tuberculosis incidence (per 100,000 people), OWID.svg|alt=Number of new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 people in 2016.|Number of new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 people in 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis incidence (per 100,000 people) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/incidence-of-tuberculosis-sdgs |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926041419/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/incidence-of-tuberculosis-sdgs |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Tuberculosis world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|Tuberculosis deaths per million persons in 2012 File:Tuberculosis deaths by region, OWID.svg|alt=Tuberculosis deaths by region, 1990 to 2017.|Tuberculosis deaths by region, 1990 to 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis deaths by region |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-deaths-region |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508204644/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-deaths-region |url-status=live }}</ref> </gallery> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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