Sleep deprivation

===Interrogation===
Sleep deprivation can be used as a means of interrogation, which has resulted in court trials over whether or not the technique is a form of [[torture]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 October 2009|title=Binyam Mohamed torture appeal lost by UK government...|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8507852.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211025746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8507852.stm|archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref>

Under one interrogation technique, a subject might be kept awake for several days and, when finally allowed to fall asleep, suddenly awakened and questioned. [[Menachem Begin]], the Prime Minister of [[Israel]] from 1977 to 1983, described his experience of sleep deprivation as a prisoner of the [[NKVD]] in the Soviet Union as follows:
{{Blockquote|In the head of the interrogated prisoner, a haze begins to form. His spirit is wearied to death, his legs are unsteady, and he has one sole desire: to sleep... Anyone who has experienced this desire knows that not even hunger and thirst are comparable with it.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Begin M |title=White nights: the story of a prisoner in Russia |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-06-010289-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/whitenightsstory00begi }}</ref>}}

Sleep deprivation was one of the [[five techniques]] used by the British government in the 1970s. The [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled that the five techniques "did not occasion suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture ... [but] amounted to a practice of [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]]", in breach of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]].<ref name="Ireland v. UK-102">{{Cite web |title=HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=hudoc.echr.coe.int}}</ref>

The [[United States Justice Department]] released four memos in August 2002 describing interrogation techniques used by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. They first described 10 techniques used in the interrogation of [[Abu Zubaydah]], described as a terrorist logistics specialist, including sleep deprivation. Memos signed by [[Steven G. Bradbury]] in May 2005 claimed that forced sleep deprivation for up to 180 hours ({{frac|7|1|2}} days)<ref name="latimes2009-04-17">{{cite news| vauthors = Miller G, Meyer J |date=17 April 2009|title=Obama assures intelligence officials they won't be prosecuted over interrogations|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/17/nation/na-interrogation17|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="memo10May2005-1">{{cite web| vauthors = Bradbury SG |date=10 May 2005|title=Memorandum for John Rizzo |url= http://media.luxmedia.com/aclu/olc_05102005_bradbury46pg.pdf |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106150408/http://media.luxmedia.com/aclu/olc_05102005_bradbury46pg.pdf|archive-date=6 November 2011|access-date=24 October 2011|publisher=ACLU|page=14}}</ref> by shackling a diapered prisoner to the ceiling did not constitute torture,<ref name="time">{{cite news| vauthors = Scherer M |date=21 April 2009|title=Scientists Claim CIA Misused Work on Sleep Deprivation|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1892897,00.html|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> nor did the combination of multiple interrogation methods (including sleep deprivation) constitute torture under United States law.<ref name="Explaining and Authorizing Specific Interrogation Techniques">{{cite news|date=17 April 2009|title=Explaining and Authorizing Specific Interrogation Techniques|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/04/17/us/politics/20090417-interrogation-techniques.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152619/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/04/17/us/politics/20090417-interrogation-techniques.html|archive-date=19 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="OPR">{{cite report|url=https://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/natsec/opr20100219/20090729_OPR_Final_Report_with_20100719_declassifications.pdf|title=Investigation into the Office of Legal Counsel's Memoranda Concerning Issues Relating to the Central Intelligence Agency's Use of "Enhanced Interrogation Techniques" on Suspected Terrorists|author=Department of Justice Office of Professional Responsibility|date=29 July 2009|publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|pages=133–138|author-link=Office of Professional Responsibility|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref> These memoranda were repudiated and withdrawn during the first months of the Obama administration.<ref name="latimes2009-04-17" />

The question of the extreme use of sleep deprivation as torture has advocates on both sides of the issue. In 2006, Australian Federal Attorney-General [[Philip Ruddock]] argued that sleep deprivation does not constitute torture.<ref name="SleepTorture2">{{cite news| vauthors = Hassan T |date=3 October 2006|title=Sleep deprivation remains red-hot question|work=PM|publisher=abc.net.au|url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1754821.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211903/http://abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1754821.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> Nicole Bieske, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International Australia, has stated the opinion of her organization as follows: "At the very least, sleep deprivation is cruel, inhumane and degrading. If used for prolonged periods of time it is torture."<ref name="SleepTorture">{{cite news|date=3 October 2006|title=Sleep deprivation is torture: Amnesty|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|agency=AAP|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Sleep-deprivation-is-torture-Amnesty/2006/10/03/1159641317450.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141433/http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Sleep-deprivation-is-torture-Amnesty/2006/10/03/1159641317450.html|archive-date=27 October 2007}}</ref>
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