Philippines Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Literature === {{Main|Philippine literature}} [[File:Jose Rizal full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=photograph of José Rizal|José Rizal's writings inspired the [[Philippine Revolution]].]] Philippine literature consists of [[Filipiniana|works]] usually written in Filipino, [[Philippine literature in Spanish|Spanish]], or [[Philippine literature in English|English]]. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ |title=Literaturen |date=1976 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-04331-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA277 277] |language=en}}</ref> They include {{lang|fil|[[Ibong Adarna]]}}, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Eulogio Balan |title=The Adarna Bird: A Filipino Tale of Pre-Spanish Origin Incorporated in the Development of Philippine Literature, the Rapid Growth of Vernacular Belles-letters from Its Earliest Inception to the Present Day |date=1933 |publisher=General Printing Press |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001129/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AJV4301.0001.001/56 51]–[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001307/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ajv4301.0001.001/57 52] |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ajv4301.0001.001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001440/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AJV4301.0001.001 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |oclc=34358713 |via=[[University of Michigan Library]]}}</ref> and {{lang|fil|[[Florante at Laura]]}} by Tagalog author [[Francisco Balagtas]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lumbera |first1=Bienvenido |title='Florante at Laura' and the Formalization of Tradition in Tagalog Poetry |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=545–575 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42720240}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blanco |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC |title=Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines |date=February 24, 2009 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-94369-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA55 55] |language=en}}</ref> [[José Rizal]] wrote the novels {{lang|es|[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]}} (''Social Cancer'') and {{lang|es|[[El filibusterismo]]}} (''The Reign of Greed''),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bernad |first1=Miguel A. |title=Rizal in Guerrero's Translation: El Filibusterismo |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=204 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108185224/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |archive-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref> both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tarver |editor-first1=H. Micheal |editor-last2=Slape |editor-first2=Emily |encyclopedia=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |series=Empires of the World |volume=I |edition=Illustrated |title=Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) |date=July 25, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-422-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA108 108] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Philippine folk literature|Folk literature]] was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although [[Ilustrado|Filipino elites]] who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59|name=59–62}}}} The American arrival [[Education in the Philippines during American rule|began]] Filipino literary use of English<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65|name=65–66}}}} and influenced the development of the [[Philippine comics]] industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Philippine 'Komiks': Text as Containment |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science |date=1997 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=81–81, 85–87 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |doi=10.1163/030382497X00059 |jstor=24492451 |issn=0303-8246 |oclc=9982710804}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=2009 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=389–390 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |jstor=42634017 |issn=0031-7837 |oclc=9975776944}}</ref> In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was [[Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)|influenced by political activism]]; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69|name=69–71}}}} [[Philippine mythology]] has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Fee |editor-first1=Christopher R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino American Folklore and Folktales |editor-last2=Webb |editor-first2=Jeffrey B. |date=August 29, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-568-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA369 369] |language=en |author-link1=Christopher R. Fee}}</ref> popular [[List of Philippine mythological figures|figures]] are [[Maria Makiling]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hardenberg |editor-first1=Wilko Graf von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gkqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=The Nature State: Rethinking the History of Conservation |series=Routledge Environmental Humanities series |editor-last2=Kelly |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last3=Leal |editor-first3=Claudia |editor-last4=Wakild |editor-first4=Emily |date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-76463-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-ang]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villanueva |first1=Louie B. |title=Biag ni Lam-ang: An Ilokano Epic Analysis and Its Implication to Ilokano Folk Literature and Philippine Educational Development |journal=Journal of Tianjin University: Science and Technology |date=2022 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=624–625, 631 |doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/RYXCN |url=https://tianjindaxuexuebao.com/dashboard/uploads/39.%20RYXCN.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Tianjin University]] |issn=0493-2137}}</ref> and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore |title=Sarimanok |date=May 22, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2268-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 279] |language=en}}</ref> The country has a number of [[Philippine epic poetry|folk epics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lopez |first=Mellie Leandicho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-514-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C&pg=PA147 147] |language=en}}</ref> Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the [[Maranao language|Maranao-language]] ''[[Darangen]]'' is an example.<ref>{{cite book|last=Madale |first=Abdullah T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC |title=The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake |date=1997 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-2174-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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