Nazareth

==Archaeology==
==="Venerated area" near the Basilica of the Annunciation===
While excavations conducted prior to 1931 in the Franciscan "venerated area" (the side of the hill known as Jabal Nebi Sa'in, stretching north of the Basilica of the Annunciation) revealed no trace of a Greek or Roman settlement there,<ref>R. Tonneau, ''Revue Biblique'' XL (1931), p. 556. Reaffirmed by C. Kopp (op. cit.,1938, p. 188).</ref> later digs under Fr. Bagatti, who acted as the principal [[archaeologist]] for the venerated sites in Nazareth, unearthed quantities of later [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Byzantine]] artifacts,<ref>B. Bagatti, ''Excavations in Nazareth'', vol. 1 (1969), pp. 272–310.</ref> attesting to unambiguous human presence there from the 2nd century AD onward. [[John Dominic Crossan]], a noted New Testament scholar, remarked that Bagatti's archaeological drawings indicate just how small the village actually was, suggesting that it was little more than an insignificant [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]].<ref>John Dominic Crossan, ''The Historical Jesus : The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant'', 1992, p. 18</ref>

===Early Roman house===
Remains of a residential house dating to the Early Roman period were discovered in 2009 next to the Basilica of the Annunciation and are on display in the "International Marian Center of Nazareth". According to the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]], "The artifacts recovered from inside the building were few and mostly included fragments of pottery vessels from the Early Roman period (the first and second centuries AD)... Another hewn pit, whose entrance was apparently camouflaged, was excavated and a few pottery sherds from the Early Roman period were found inside it." Archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre adds that "based on other excavations that I conducted in other villages in the region, this pit was probably hewn as part of the preparations by the Jews to protect themselves during the Great Revolt against the Romans in 67 AD".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Residential_building_time_Jesus_Nazareth_21-Dec-2009.htm |title=Residential building from the time of Jesus exposed in Nazareth 21-Dec-2009 |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date=21 December 2009 |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013090514/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Residential_building_time_Jesus_Nazareth_21-Dec-2009.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kokh tombs===
Noteworthy is that all the post-Iron Age tombs in the Nazareth basin (approximately two dozen) are of the [[kokhim|kokh]] (plural ''kokhim'') or later types; this type probably first appeared in Galilee in the middle of the 1st century AD.<ref>H.P. Kuhnen, "Palaestina in Griechisch-Roemischer Zeit", (Muenchen, C. Beck, 1990, pp. 254–55).</ref> Kokh tombs in the Nazareth area have been excavated by B. Bagatti, N. Feig, Z. Yavor, and noted by Z. Gal.<ref>Gal, Z. Lower Galilee During the Iron Age (American Schools of Oriental Research, Eisenbrauns, 1992) p. 15; Yavor, Z. 1998 "Nazareth", ESI 18. pp. 32 (English), 48; Feig, N. 1990 "Burial Caves at Nazareth", 'Atiqot 10 (Hebrew series). pp. 67–79.</ref>

===Ancient bathhouse at Mary's Well===
In the mid-1990s, a shopkeeper discovered tunnels under his shop near [[Mary's Well]] in Nazareth. The tunnels were identified as the [[hypocaust]] of a bathhouse.<ref>SHACHAM, Tzvi. 2012. Bathhouse from the Crusader Period in Nazareth in Kreiner, R & W. Letzner (eds.). SPA. SANITAS PER AQUAM. Tagungsband des Internationalen Frontinus-Symposums zur Technik und Kulturgeschichte der antike Thermen. Aachen, 18–22. Marz 2009 : 319–326. BABESCH SUPPL. 21</ref> Excavations in 1997–98 revealed remains dating from the Roman, [[Crusade]]r, [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] periods.<ref>Alexandre, Yardenna. 2012. Mary's Well, Nazareth. The Late Hellenistic to the Ottoman Periods.  Jerusalem, IAA Reports 49.</ref><ref>Alexandre, Y. "Archaeological Excavations at Mary's Well, Nazareth", Israel Antiquities Authority bulletin, 1 May 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is This Where Jesus Bathed? |date=22 October 2003 |author=Cook, Jonathon |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1067930,00.html |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163531/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/22/research.artsandhumanities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Under Nazareth, Secrets in Stone |date=17 December 2002 |author=Cook, Jonathan |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.jkcook.net/Articles1/0021.htm |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216062857/http://www.jkcook.net/Articles1/0021.htm |archive-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ancient Bath House in Nazareth |date=12 August 2008 |author=Shama-Sostar, Martina |url=http://www.nazarethbathhouse.org |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915035919/http://nazarethbathhouse.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>