Muhammad

==== Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk ====
{{Main|Battle of Hunayn|Expedition of Tabuk}}

[[File:Muslim Conquest.PNG|thumb|Conquests of Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines). Shown: Byzantine empire (North and West) & Sassanid-Persian empire (Northeast).]]Upon learning that Mecca had fallen to the Muslims, the [[Hawazin|Banu Hawazin]] gathered their entire tribe, including their families, to fight.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=320–1}} They are estimated to have around 4,000 warriors.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=321}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=181}} Muhammad led 12,000 soldiers to raid them, but they surprised him at Wadi Hunayn.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=182}} The Muslims overpowered them and took their women, children and animals.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=186}} Muhammad then turned his attention to [[Taif]], a city that was famous for its vineyards and gardens. He ordered them to be destroyed and besieged the city, which was surrounded by walls. After 15–20 days of failing to breach their defenses, he abandoned the attempts.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=325}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=225}}

When he divided the plentiful loot acquired at Hunayn among his soldiers, the rest of the Hawazin converted to Islam{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=263–4}} and implored Muhammad to release their children and women, reminding him that he had been nursed by some of those women when he was a baby. He complied but held on to the rest of the plunder. Some of his men opposed giving away their portions, so he compensated them with six camels each from subsequent raids.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=326}} Muhammad distributed a big portion of the booty to the new converts from the [[Quraysh]]. [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] and two of his sons, [[Mu'awiya I|Muawiyya]] and [[Yazid I|Yazid]], got 100 camels individually.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=327}} The [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]], who had fought bravely in the battle, but received close to nothing, were unhappy with this.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=328}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=189}} One of them remarked, "It is not with such gifts that one seeks God's face." Disturbed by this utterance, Muhammad retorted, "He changed color."{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}}

Roughly 10 months after he captured Mecca, Muhammad took his army to attack the wealthy border provinces of [[Syria Prima|Byzantine Syria]].{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=274}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=191}} Several motives are proposed, including avenging the defeat at Mu'tah and earning vast booty.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=192–4}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=274–5}} Because of the drought and severe heat at that time, some of the Muslims refrained from participating. This led to the revelation of Quran 9:38 which rebuked those slackers.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=192–3}} When Muhammad and his army reached [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], there were no hostile forces present.<ref>M.A. al-Bakhit, ''Tabuk'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref> However, he was able to force some of the local chiefs to accept his rule and pay [[jizya]]. A group under [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid ibn Walid]] that he sent for a raid also managed to acquire some booty including 2,000 camels and 800 cattle.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=230}}

The Hawazin's acceptance of Islam resulted in Taif losing its last major ally.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=188}} After enduring a year of unrelenting thefts and terror attacks from the Muslims following the siege, the people of Taif, known as the [[Banu Thaqif]], finally reached a tipping point and acknowledged that embracing Islam was the most sensible path for them.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=226}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=269}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=189}}
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