History of Christianity

===Avignon===
[[File:Portrait of Pope John XXII Dueze (by Giuseppe Franchi) – Pinacoteca Ambrosiana.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Pope [[John XXII]] (1316–1334) (by Giuseppe Franchi) who was referred to as "the banker of Avignon"|alt=image of Portrait by Giuseppe Franchi of Pope [[John XXII]] (1316–1334) who was referred to as "the banker of Avignon".{{sfn|Chamberlin|1986|p=131}}]]
In 1309, [[Pope Clement V]] moved to Avignon in southern France in search of relief from Rome's factional politics.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=248}} Seven popes resided there in the [[Avignon Papacy]], but the move to Avignon caused great indignation costing popes prestige and power.{{sfn|Taylor|2021|pp=109–110; 118–119}}{{sfn|MacCulloch|2009|p=375}}{{sfn|MacCulloch|2009|pp=559, 561}} 

[[Pope Gregory XI]] returned to Rome in 1377.{{sfn|Kelly|2009|p=104}}{{sfn|Whalen|2015|p=14}}{{sfn|Taylor|2021|pp=109–110}} After Gregory's death, the [[papal conclave]] met in 1378, in Rome, and elected an Italian [[Pope Urban VI|Urban VI]] to succeed Gregory.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=248}} The French cardinals did not approve, so they held a second conclave electing [[Antipope Clement VII|Robert of Geneva]] instead. This began the [[Western Schism]].{{sfn|Olson|1999|p=348}}{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=248}}

For thirty years the Church had two popes, then in 1409, the [[Council of Pisa|Pisan council]] called for the resignation of both popes, electing a third to replace them. Both Popes refused to resign, giving the Church three popes. The pious became disgusted.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=248}}{{sfn|Ullmann|2005|p=xv}} Five years later, [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund the Holy Roman Emperor (1368-1437)]] pressed Pope [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] to call the [[Council of Constance]] (1414–1418) to depose all three popes. In 1417, the council elected [[Pope Martin V]] in their place.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=248}} 
[[File:Brožík, Václav - Hus před koncilem 6. července 1415.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jan Hus]] defending his theses at the [[Council of Constance]] (1415), painting by the Czech artist [[Václav Brožík]]|alt=image of painting by the Czech artist Václav Brožík of the Council of Constance with Jan Hus standing before them to defend himself]]
[[John Wycliffe]] (1320–1384), an English scholastic philosopher and theologian, attended the Council of Constance and urged the Church to give up its property (which produced much of the Church's wealth), and to once again embrace poverty and simplicity, to stop being subservient to the state and its politics, and to deny papal authority.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Estep|1986|pp=58–77}} He was accused of heresy, convicted and sentenced to death, but died before implementation. The [[Lollards]] followed his teachings, played a role in the [[English Reformation]], and were persecuted for heresy after Wycliffe's death.{{sfn|Estep|1986|pp=58–77}}{{sfn|Frassetto|2007|pp=151–174}}

[[Jan Hus]] (1369–1415), a Czech based in [[Prague]], was influenced by Wycliffe and spoke out against the abuses and corruption he saw in the Catholic Church there.{{sfn|Frassetto|2007|pp=175–198}} He was also accused of heresy and condemned to [[death penalty|death]].{{sfn|Frassetto|2007|pp=151–174}}{{sfn|Frassetto|2007|pp=175–198}}{{sfn|Estep|1986|pp=58–77}} After his death, Hus became a powerful symbol of Czech nationalism and the impetus for the [[Bohemian Reformation|Bohemian/Czech]] and German Reformations.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|p=150}}{{sfn|Haberkern|2016|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Frassetto|2007|pp=175–198}}{{sfn|Estep|1986|pp=58–77}}
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