Evolution Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Further syntheses === Since then, further syntheses have extended evolution's explanatory power in the light of numerous discoveries, to cover biological phenomena across the whole of the [[Biological organisation|biological hierarchy]] from genes to populations.{{sfn|Levinson|2019}} The publication of the structure of [[DNA]] by [[James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] with contribution of [[Rosalind Franklin]] in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance.<ref name="Watson53">{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=J. D. |author-link1=James Watson |last2=Crick |first2=F. H. C. |author-link2=Francis Crick |date=25 April 1953 |title=Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=171 |issue=4356 |pages=737–738 |bibcode=1953Natur.171..737W |doi=10.1038/171737a0 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=13054692 |s2cid=4253007 |access-date=4 December 2014 |quote=It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823063212/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> [[Molecular biology]] improved understanding of the relationship between [[genotype]] and [[phenotype]]. Advances were also made in phylogenetic [[systematics]], mapping the transition of traits into a comparative and testable framework through the publication and use of [[Phylogenetic tree|evolutionary trees]].<ref name="Hennig99">{{harvnb|Hennig|1999|p=280}}</ref> In 1973, evolutionary biologist [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] penned that "[[Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution|nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution]]", because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent [[Explanation|explanatory]] body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet.<ref name="Dobzhansky73">{{cite journal |last=Dobzhansky |first=Theodosius |s2cid=207358177 |author-link=Theodosius Dobzhansky |date=March 1973 |title=Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution |url=http://www.phil.vt.edu/Burian/NothingInBiolChFina.pdf |journal=The American Biology Teacher |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.2307/4444260 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023161423/http://www.phil.vt.edu/Burian/NothingInBiolChFina.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2015 |jstor=4444260 |citeseerx=10.1.1.324.2891}}</ref> One extension, known as [[evolutionary developmental biology]] and informally called "evo-devo", emphasises how changes between generations (evolution) act on patterns of change within individual organisms ([[Developmental biology|development]]).<ref name="Kutschera">{{cite journal |last1=Kutschera |first1=Ulrich |author-link1=Ulrich Kutschera |last2=Niklas |first2=Karl J. |author-link2=Karl J. Niklas |date=June 2004 |title=The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis |journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]] |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=255–276 |bibcode=2004NW.....91..255K |doi=10.1007/s00114-004-0515-y |issn=1432-1904 |pmid=15241603|s2cid=10731711 }}</ref><ref name="Avise10">{{cite journal |last1=Avise |first1=John C. |author-link1=John Avise |last2=Ayala |first2=Francisco J. |author-link2=Francisco J. Ayala |date=11 May 2010 |title=In the light of evolution IV: The human condition |url=http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/johncavise/files/2011/03/311-intro-to-ILE-IV.pdf |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=Suppl. 2 |pages=8897–8901 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1003214107 |pmid=20460311 |pmc=3024015 |issn=0027-8424 |access-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823063532/http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/johncavise/files/2011/03/311-intro-to-ILE-IV.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2014|doi-access=free }}</ref> Since the beginning of the 21st century, some biologists have argued for an [[extended evolutionary synthesis]], which would account for the effects of non-genetic inheritance modes, such as [[epigenetics]], [[Maternal effect|parental effects]], ecological inheritance and [[Dual inheritance theory|cultural inheritance]], and [[evolvability]].<ref name="beyonddna">{{cite journal |last1=Danchin |first1=Étienne |last2=Charmantier |first2=Anne |last3=Champagne |first3=Frances A. |author-link3=Frances Champagne |last4=Mesoudi |first4=Alex |last5=Pujol |first5=Benoit |last6=Blanchet |first6=Simon |date=June 2011 |title=Beyond DNA: integrating inclusive inheritance into an extended theory of evolution |journal=[[Nature Reviews Genetics]] |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1038/nrg3028 |issn=1471-0056 |pmid=21681209|s2cid=8837202 }}</ref><ref name="eesbook">{{harvnb|Pigliucci|Müller|2010}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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