Cerebral palsy

==Society and culture==

===Economic impact===
It is difficult to directly compare the cost and cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent cerebral palsy or the cost of interventions to manage CP.<ref name="pmid29319155" /> Access Economics has released a report on the economic impact of cerebral palsy in Australia. The report found that, in 2007, the financial cost of cerebral palsy (CP) in Australia was A$1.47&nbsp;billion or 0.14% of GDP.<ref name="spasticcentre" /> Of this:
* A$1.03 billion (69.9%) was productivity lost due to lower employment, absenteeism, and premature death of Australians with CP
* A$141 million (9.6%) was the DWL from transfers including welfare payments and taxation forgone
* A$131 million (9.0%) was other indirect costs such as direct program services, aides and home modifications, and the bringing-forward of funeral costs
* A$129 million (8.8%) was the value of the informal care for people with CP
* A$40 million (2.8%) was direct health system expenditure

The value of lost well-being (disability and premature death) was a further A$2.4&nbsp;billion.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In per capita terms, this amounts to a financial cost of A$43,431 per person with CP per annum. Including the value of lost well-being, the cost is over $115,000 per person per annum.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Individuals with CP bear 37% of the financial costs, and their families and friends bear a further 6%. The federal government bears around one-third (33%) of the financial costs (mainly through taxation revenues forgone and welfare payments). State governments bear under 1% of the costs, while employers bear 5% and the rest of society bears the remaining 19%. If the burden of disease (lost well-being) is included, individuals bear 76% of the costs.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

The average lifetime cost for people with CP in the US is US$921,000 per individual, including lost income.<ref name="pmid14749614" />

In the United States, many states allow [[Medicaid]] beneficiaries to use their Medicaid funds to hire their own PCAs, instead of forcing them to use institutional or managed care.<ref name="medicaid" />

In India, the government-sponsored program called "NIRAMAYA" for the medical care of children with neurological and muscular deformities has proved to be an ameliorating economic measure for persons with such disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=NIRAMAYA Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE)|url=http://thenationaltrust.gov.in/content/scheme/niramaya.php|website=thenationaltrust.gov.in|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227150225/http://thenationaltrust.gov.in/content/scheme/niramaya.php|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has shown that persons with mental or physically debilitating congenital disabilities can lead better lives if they have financial independence.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Siva M, Nalinakanthi V |title=The Big Story. Financially able |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/financially-able/article7930167.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=29 November 2015}}</ref>

===Use of the term===
"Cerebral" means "of, or pertaining to, the cerebrum or the brain"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.medicinenet.com/cerebral/definition.htm | title=Definition of Cerebral |date=2021}}</ref> and "palsy" means "paralysis, generally partial, whereby a local body area is incapable of voluntary movement".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.medicinenet.com/facial_nerve_problems/article.htm | title=Bell's Palsy & Other Facial Nerve Problems |date=2020}}</ref>  It has been proposed to change the name to "cerebral palsy spectrum disorder" to reflect the diversity of presentations of CP.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shevell M | title = Cerebral palsy to cerebral palsy spectrum disorder: Time for a name change? | journal = Neurology | pages = 233–235 | date = December 2018 | volume = 92 | issue = 5 | pmid = 30568002 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006747 | s2cid = 58605985 }}</ref>

Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability ([[people-first language]]) instead of as "handicapped".<ref name="Guardian20020522" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidelines: How To Write About People with Disabilities (9th edition) |url=https://rtcil.org/guidelines |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=rtcil.org |language=en}}</ref> "Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Care" at the [[University of Delaware]] offers the following guidelines:

{{blockquote|Impairment is the correct term to use to define a deviation from normal, such as not being able to make a muscle move or not being able to control an unwanted movement. Disability is the term used to define a restriction in the ability to perform a normal activity of daily living which someone of the same age can perform. For example, a three-year-old child who is not able to walk has a disability because a normal three-year-old can walk independently. A handicapped child or adult is one who, because of the disability, is unable to achieve the normal role in society commensurate with his age and socio-cultural milieu. As an example, a sixteen-year-old who is unable to prepare his own meal or care for his own toilet or hygiene needs is handicapped. On the other hand, a sixteen-year-old who can walk only with the assistance of crutches but who attends a regular school and is fully independent in activities of daily living is disabled but not handicapped. All disabled people are impaired, and all handicapped people are disabled, but a person can be impaired and not necessarily be disabled, and a person can be disabled without being handicapped.<ref name="udel" />}}

The term "[[spastic (word)|spastic]]" denotes the attribute of spasticity in types of spastic CP. In 1952 a UK charity called [[The Spastics Society]] was formed.<ref name="Guardian20020522" /> The term "spastics" was used by the charity as a term for people with CP. The word "spastic" has since been used extensively as a general insult to disabled people, which some see as extremely offensive. They are also frequently used to insult non-disabled people when they seem overly uncoordinated, anxious, or unskilled in sports. The charity changed its name to [[Scope (charity)|Scope]] in 1994.<ref name="Guardian20020522" /> In the United States the word spaz has the same usage as an insult but is not generally associated with CP.<ref name="zimmer" />

===Media===
{{See also|Category:Works about cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes}}

Maverick documentary filmmaker [[Kazuo Hara]] criticises the mores and customs of Japanese society in an unsentimental portrait of adults with cerebral palsy in his 1972 film ''Goodbye CP'' (Sayonara CP). Focusing on how people with cerebral palsy are generally ignored or disregarded in Japan, Hara challenges his society's taboos about physical handicaps. Using a deliberately harsh style, with grainy black-and-white photography and out-of-sync sound, Hara brings a stark realism to his subject.<ref name="dvdtalk" />

''Spandan'' (2012), a film by Vegitha Reddy and Aman Tripathi, delves into the dilemma of parents whose child has cerebral palsy. While films made with children with special needs as central characters have been attempted before, the predicament of parents dealing with the stigma associated with the condition and beyond is dealt in ''Spandan''. In one of the songs of ''Spandan'' "Chal chaal chaal tu bala" more than 50 CP kids have acted. The famous classical singer [[Devaki Pandit]] has given her voice to the song penned by Prof. Jayant Dhupkar and composed by [[National Film Awards]] winner Isaac Thomas Kottukapally.<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="hindu2" /><ref name="newsleaks" /><ref name="deccan" />

''[[My Left Foot (film)|My Left Foot]]'' (1989) is a drama film directed by [[Jim Sheridan]] and starring [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. It tells the true story of [[Christy Brown]], an Irishman born with cerebral palsy, who could control only his left foot. Christy Brown grew up in a poor, working-class family, and became a writer and artist. It won the [[Academy Award]] for Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Brenda Fricker). It was also nominated for Best Director, Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. It also won the [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film]] for 1989.<ref name="latimes" />

''[[Call the Midwife]]'' (2012–) has featured two episodes with actor Colin Young, who himself has cerebral palsy, playing a character with the same disability. His storylines have focused on the segregation of those with disabilities in the UK in the 1950s, and also romantic relationships between people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.scope.org.uk/2014/02/16/being-on-call-the-midwife-gave-me-the-sense-of-being-an-actor-in-my-own-right/ |title=Being on ''Call the Midwife'' gave me the sense of being an actor in my own right|access-date=12 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905210353/http://blog.scope.org.uk/2014/02/16/being-on-call-the-midwife-gave-me-the-sense-of-being-an-actor-in-my-own-right/|archive-date=5 September 2015|date=2014-02-16}}</ref>

[[Micah Fowler]], an American actor with CP, stars in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] sitcom ''[[Speechless (TV series)|Speechless]]'' (2016–2019), which explores both the serious and humorous challenges a family faces with a teenager with CP.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/09/20/speechless-micah-fowler-breakout-star| vauthors = Rovenstine D |title=Micah Fowler is the breakout star of Speechless|publisher=EntertainmentWeekly|date=20 September 2016|access-date=3 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924061830/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/09/20/speechless-micah-fowler-breakout-star|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

[[9-1-1 (TV series)|''9-1-1'']] (2018–) is a procedural drama series on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]. From season 2 onwards, it features Gavin McHugh (who himself has cerebral palsy) in the recurring role as Christopher Diaz – a young child who has cerebral palsy.

''[[Special (TV series)|Special]]'' (2019) is a [[Television comedy|comedy series]] that premiered on [[Netflix]] on 12 April 2019. It was written, produced and stars [[Ryan O'Connell]] as a young [[gay]] man with mild cerebral palsy. It is based on O'Connell's book ''I'm Special: And Other Lies We Tell Ourselves''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/special-groundbreaking-new-netflix-series-stars-gay-man-cerebral-palsy-n994001 |title='Special': Groundbreaking new Netflix series stars gay man with cerebral palsy | vauthors = Kacala A |work=[[NBC News]] |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Australian drama serial ''[[The Heights (Australian TV series)|The Heights]]'' (2019–) features a character with mild cerebral palsy, teenage girl Sabine Rosso, depicted by an actor who herself has mild cerebral palsy, Bridie McKim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/i-dont-think-ive-ever-seen-a-disabled-character-written-like-that-before-20190212-h1b5d2.html| vauthors = Houston M |title='I don't think I've ever seen a disabled character written like that before'|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=12 February 2019|access-date=17 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016235219/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/i-dont-think-ive-ever-seen-a-disabled-character-written-like-that-before-20190212-h1b5d2.html|archive-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

''6,000 Waiting'' (2021) is a documentary by [[Michael Joseph McDonald]]. It is the first film to depict a person with cerebral palsy parachuting. It tells the story of three men with cerebral palsy seeking to live in their communities instead of institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6,000 Waiting |url=https://reelabilities.org/film/6000-waiting/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=ReelAbilities International |language=en-US}}</ref> Upon seeing the film, American politician [[Stacey Abrams]] interviewed one of the film's protagonists and publicly stated that her top priority was deinstitutionalization through Medicaid expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOICES: Southern legislatures must dismantle poverty traps for disabled people {{!}} Facing South |url=https://www.facingsouth.org/2023/01/southern-legislatures-must-dismantle-poverty-traps-for-disabled-people |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.facingsouth.org}}</ref>

===Notable cases===
{{category see also|People with cerebral palsy}}
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* [[Christy Brown]] was the basis for the Academy Award-winning film, ''[[My Left Foot]]''.
* Two sons of Canadian rock musician [[Neil Young]], Zeke and Ben.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/musician/neil-young|title=Neil Young|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> In 1986, Young helped found the [[Bridge School (California)|Bridge School]], an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting [[Bridge School Benefit]] concerts, together with his wife Pegi.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/neil-young-files-for-divorce-from-pegi-young-wife-of-36-years-62872/|title=Neil Young Files for Divorce From Pegi Young|date=26 August 2014|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/27/neil-young-divorce-pegi|title=Neil Young files for divorce from Pegi, his wife of 36 years| vauthors = Michaels S |date=27 August 2014|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[Nicolas Hamilton]], a British racing driver competing in [[BTCC]]. He is the half-brother of [[Formula 1]] driver [[Lewis Hamilton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nicolashamilton.com/the-driver/|title=The Driver - Nicolas Hamilton|website=nicolashamilton|language=en-GB|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603155647/https://www.nicolashamilton.com/the-driver/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Keynote speaker Geri Jewell.jpg|thumb|right|[[Geri Jewell]] in 2009]]
* [[Geri Jewell]], who had a regular role in the prime-time series ''[[The Facts of Life (TV series)|The Facts of Life]]''.<ref name="gerijewell" />
* [[Josh Blue]], winner of the fourth season of NBC's ''Last Comic Standing'', whose act revolves around his CP.<ref name="joshblue" /> Blue was also on the 2004 U.S. Paralympic soccer team.<ref name="joshblue2" />
* [[Jason Benetti]], play-by-play broadcaster for ESPN, Fox Sports, Westwood One, and Time Warner covering football, baseball, lacrosse, hockey, and basketball. From 2016 until 2023, he was the television play-by-play announcer for Chicago White Sox home games. Since 2024, Benetti has been the play-by-play announcer for the Detroit Tigers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aolnews.com/2010/11/23/jason-benetti-is-voice-of-hope-in-face-of-cerebral-palsy/|title=Jason Benetti Is Voice of Hope in Face of Cerebral Palsy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317010345/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/11/23/jason-benetti-is-voice-of-hope-in-face-of-cerebral-palsy/ |archive-date=17 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[Jack Carroll (comedian)|Jack Carroll]], British comedian and runner-up in the seventh season of ''[[Britain's Got Talent (series 7)|Britain's Got Talent]]''.<ref name="jackcarroll" />
* [[Abbey Curran]], an American beauty queen who represented Iowa at [[Miss USA 2008]] and was the first contestant with a disability to compete.<ref name="curran" />
* [[Robert Griswold]], swimmer
* [[Francesca Martinez]], British stand-up comedian and actress.<ref name="martinez" />
* [[Evan O'Hanlon]], Australian Paralympian, the fastest athlete with cerebral palsy in the world.<ref name="ohanlon" />
* [[Arun Shourie]]'s son Aditya, about whom he has written a [[Arun Shourie#Publications|book]] ''Does He Know a Mother's Heart''<ref name="shourie" />
* [[Maysoon Zayid]], the self-described "Palestinian Muslim virgin with cerebral palsy, from New Jersey", who is an actress, stand-up comedian, and activist.<ref name="franks" /> Zayid has been a resident of [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey]].<ref name="heydarpour" /> She is considered one of America's first Muslim women comedians and the first person ever to perform standup in Palestine and Jordan.<ref name="imeu" />
[[Image:RJ Mitte by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|[[RJ Mitte]] at the 2018 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]
* [[RJ Mitte]], an American actor best known for his role as [[Walter White Jr.]] in ''[[Breaking Bad]]''. He is also a celebrity ambassador for [[United Cerebral Palsy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ucp.org/about/celebrity-ambassadors/|title=Celebrity Ambassadors|access-date=18 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609225117/http://ucp.org/about/celebrity-ambassadors/|archive-date=9 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Zach Anner]], an American comedian, actor, and writer. He had a television series on [[Oprah Winfrey]]'s [[Oprah Winfrey Network (U.S. TV channel)|OWN]] called ''Rollin' With Zach'' and is the author of ''If at Birth You Don't Succeed.''<ref name="anner" />
* Kaine, a member of the American hip-hop duo [[The Ying Yang Twins]], has a mild form of cerebral palsy that causes him to limp.<ref>{{cite news |author=ABS Staff |url=http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/04/10-celebrities-physical-deformities-may-never-noticed/5/ |title=10 Celebrities With Physical Deformities You May Have Never Noticed |publisher=Atlanta Black Star |date=4 June 2014 |access-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221001053/http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/04/10-celebrities-physical-deformities-may-never-noticed/5/ |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2016}}
* [[Hannah Cockroft]], is a British [[Wheelchair racing|wheelchair athlete]] specialising in sprint distances in the [[T34 (classification)|T34&nbsp;classification]]. She holds the [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] and [[world record]]s for the [[100 metres]], [[200 metres]] and [[400 metres]] in her classification.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPC Athletics Records|url=https://www.paralympic.org/Results/world-records/Athletics|publisher=www.paralympic.org|access-date=10 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910071204/http://www.paralympic.org/Results/world-records/Athletics|archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Paralympics 2012: Cockroft wins first GB track gold|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19437634|work=BBC Sport|access-date=1 September 2012|date=31 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901002544/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19437634|archive-date=1 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19511011|title=Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft wins second sprint gold|work=BBC Sport|access-date=6 September 2012|date=6 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908173939/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19511011|archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>
* [[Keah Brown]], American [[disability rights]] activist, author and journalist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=perspectives-on-disabiity|title=Perspectives on Disability |website=Library Journal|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
* [[Kuli Kohli]], Indian-British writer, poet, activist.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-29|title='They wanted to drown me at birth - now I'm a poet'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53749629|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref>
* [[Simon James Stevens]], a British disability issues consultant and activist, who starred in ''[[I'm Spazticus]]'' and founded [[Wheelies]] virtual nightclub <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonstevens.com |title=Lord of Glencoe Simon Stevens |website=simonstevens.com |access-date=1 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010519205627/http://www.simonstevens.com:80/ |archive-date=19 May 2001 }}</ref>
* The [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Emperor [[Claudius]] is hypothesized to have had cerebral palsy on the basis of his reported symptoms.<ref>Leon, E.F. (1948). "The Imbecillitas of the Emperor Claudius", ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', '''79'''  79–86.{{JSTOR|283354}}</ref>
* [[Rosie Jones (comedian)|Rosie Jones]], a British comedian and actress, is incorporating her cerebral palsy into her comedic style.
* [[Christopher Nolan (author)|Christopher Nolan]], an Irish Poet and Author, he wrote Damn-Burst of Dreams, The Banyan Tree, and Under The Eye Of The Clock.  He passed away in 2009.
* [[Lost Voice Guy]] British Comedian

===Litigation===
Because of the perception that cerebral palsy is mostly caused by trauma during birth, as of 2005, 60% of obstetric [[litigation]] was about cerebral palsy, which [[Alastair MacLennan (medicine)|Alastair MacLennan]], Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the [[University of Adelaide]], regards as causing an exodus from the profession.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cerebral Palsy Litigation|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/cerebral-palsy-litigation/3370924#transcript|access-date=21 February 2017|work=[[Radio National]]|date=10 October 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222061659/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/cerebral-palsy-litigation/3370924#transcript|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> In the latter half of the 20th century, obstetric litigation about the cause of cerebral palsy became more common, leading to the practice of [[defensive medicine]].<ref name="Sartwelle" />