Translation

===Science fiction===
[[Science fiction]] being a [[genre]] with a recognizable set of conventions and literary genealogies, in which language often includes [[neologism]]s, neosemes,{{clarify|date=April 2019}} and [[invented languages]], techno-scientific and [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] vocabulary,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVYxl5ued-oC|title=The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction|last=Csicsery-Ronay|first=Istvan Jr.|date=2008|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=9780819568892|pages=13–46}}</ref> and fictional representation of the translation process,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transfiction: Research into the Realities of Translation Fiction|date=2014|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|others=Kaindl, Klaus., Spitzel, Karlheinz.|isbn=9789027270733|location=Amsterdam|pages=345–362|oclc=868285393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mossop|first=Brian|date=1 April 1996|title=The Image of Translation in Science Fiction & Astronomy|journal=The Translator|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1080/13556509.1996.10798961|issn=1355-6509}}</ref> the translation of science-fiction texts involves specific concerns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Iannuzzi|first=Giulia|date=2 November 2018|title=Science fiction, cultural industrialization and the translation of techno-science in post-World War II Italy|journal=Perspectives|volume=26|issue=6|pages=885–900|doi=10.1080/0907676X.2018.1496461|issn=0907-676X|hdl=11368/2930475|s2cid=69992861|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2652301|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The science-fiction translator tends to acquire specific competences and assume a distinctive publishing and cultural agency.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iannuzzi|first=Giulia|date=2017|title=Traduttore, consulente editoriale, intellettuale: Riccardo Valla e la fantascienza angloamericana in Italia|journal=Rivista Internazionale di Tecnica della Traduzione: International Journal of Translation|doi=10.13137/2421-6763/17363 |url=https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/17363|language=it|issn=1722-5906}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Un laboratorio di fantastici libri. Riccardo Valla intellettuale, editore, traduttore. Con un'appendice di lettere inedite a cura di Luca G. Manenti|last=Iannuzzi|first=Giulia|year=2019|isbn=9788833051031|location=Chieti (Italy)}}</ref> As in the case of other mass-fiction genres, this professional specialization and role often is not recognized by publishers and scholars.<ref>{{Citation|last=Milton|first=John|chapter=The Translation of Mass Fiction|date=2000|chapter-url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.32.21mil|volume=32|pages=171–179|editor-last=Beeby|editor-first=Allison|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/btl.32.21mil|isbn=9789027216373|access-date=6 April 2019|editor2-last=Ensinger|editor2-first=Doris|editor3-last=Presas|editor3-first=Marisa|title=Investigating Translation|series=Benjamins Translation Library}}</ref>

Translation of science fiction accounts for the transnational nature of science fiction's repertoire of shared conventions and [[Trope (literature)|tropes]]. After [[World War II]], many European countries were swept by a wave of translations from the English.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gouanvic|first=Jean-Marc|date=1 November 1997|title=Translation and the Shape of Things to Come|journal=The Translator|volume=3|issue=2|pages=125–152|doi=10.1080/13556509.1997.10798995|issn=1355-6509}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFB9kQEACAAJ|title=The Cultural Transfer of Science Fiction and Fantasy in Hungary 1989-1995|last=Sohár|first=Anikó|date=1999|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9780820443485}}</ref> Due to the prominence of English as a source language, the use of [[pseudonym]]s and [[pseudotranslation]]s became common in countries such as Italy<ref name=":0" /> and Hungary,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sohár|first=Anikó|date=August 2000|title=The speech bewrayeth thee: thou shalt not steal the prestige of foregin literatures Pseudotranslations in Hungary after 1989|journal=Hungarian Studies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=56–82|doi=10.1556/HStud.14.2000.1.3|issn=0236-6568|url=http://real.mtak.hu/56813/1/hstud.14.2000.1.3.pdf}}</ref> and English has often been used as a [[vehicular language]] to translate from languages such as Chinese and Japanese.<ref name="Iannuzzi">{{Cite journal|last=Iannuzzi|first=Giulia|title=The Translation of East Asian Science Fiction in Italy: An Essay on Chinese and Japanese Science Fiction, Anthological Practices and Publishing Strategies beyond the Anglo-American Canon|journal=Quaderni di Cultura|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3604992|year=2015|volume=12|pages=85–108}}</ref>

More recently, the international market in science-fiction translations has seen an increasing presence of source languages other than English.<ref name="Iannuzzi"/>