Race (human categorization)

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="AAAonRace">{{harvnb|AAA|1998}}</ref>

<ref name="aaa">{{harvnb|AAA|1998}}: "For example, 'Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most physical variation, about 94%, lies within so-called racial groups. Conventional geographic "racial" groupings differ from one another only in about 6% of their genes. This means that there is greater variation within 'racial' groups than between them.{{'"}}</ref>

<ref name="AAPA">{{harvnb|AAPA|1996|p=714}} "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past."</ref>

<ref name="abraham">{{harvnb|Abraham|2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Andreasen 2000">{{harvnb|Andreasen|2000}}</ref>

<ref name="anthropologists">{{cite journal |last1=Kaszycka |first1=Katarzyna A. |last2=Štrkalj |first2=Goran |last3=Strzalko |first3=Jan |date=2009 |title=Current Views of European Anthropologists on Race: Influence of Educational and Ideological Background |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01076.x |s2cid=55419265}}</ref>

<ref name="anthropology">{{cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=C. Loring |author-link=C. Loring Brace |date=1995 |title=Region Does not Mean 'Race': Reality Versus Convention in Forensic Anthropology |journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1520/JFS15336J}}</ref>
<ref name="anthropology12">{{cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=C. Loring |author-link=C. Loring Brace |date=1995 |title=Region Does not Mean 'Race': Reality Versus Convention in Forensic Anthropology |journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=171–175 |doi=10.1520/JFS15336J}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated">{{Cite journal |last=Gissis |first=S. |title=When is 'race' a race? 1946–2003 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.006 |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=437–450 |date=2008 |pmid=19026975}}</ref>

<ref name="banton">{{harvnb|Banton|1977}}</ref>

<ref name="Brace 2005">{{harvnb|Brace|2005|page=326}}</ref>

<ref name="Brace; Gill; Lee">See:
* {{harvnb|Brace|2000a}}
* {{harvnb|Gill|2000a}}
* {{harvnb|Lee|1997}}: "The very naturalness of 'reality' is itself the effect of a particular set of discursive constructions. In this way, discourse does not simply reflect reality, but actually participates in its construction"
</ref>

<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Smedley |first1=Audrey |last2=Takezawa |first2=Yasuko I. |last3=Wade |first3=Peter |title=Race: Human |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="biological">{{cite journal |last1=Štrkalj |first1=Goran |last2=Solyali |first2=Veli |date=2010 |title=Human Biological Variation in Anatomy Textbooks: The Role of Ancestry |journal=Studies on Ethno-Medicine |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=157–161 |publisher=Kamla-Raj Ent. |doi=10.1080/09735070.2010.11886375 |s2cid=73945508 }}</ref>

<ref name="brace2">{{harvnb|Brace|2005|page=27}}</ref>

<ref name="boyd">{{harvnb|Boyd|1950}}</ref>

<ref name="Condit, et al. 2003">{{cite journal |title=Attitudinal barriers to delivery of race-targeted pharmacogenomics among informed lay persons |first1=Celeste |last1=Condit |first2=Alan |last2=Templeton |first3=Benjamin R. |last3=Bates |first4=Jennifer L. |last4=Bevan |first5=Tina M. |last5=Harris |journal=Genetics in Medicine |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=385–392 |date=September 2003 |pmid=14501834 |doi-access=free |doi=10.1097/01.GIM.0000087990.30961.72}} In summary, they argues that, in order to predict the clinical success of pharmacogenomic research, scholars must conduct subsidiary research on two fronts: Science, wherein the degree of correspondence between popular and professional racial categories can be assessed; and society at large, through which attitudinal factors moderate the relationship between scientific soundness and societal acceptance. To accept race-as-proxy, then, may be necessary but insufficient to solidify the future of race-based pharmacogenomics.</ref>

<ref name="conservation">{{harvnb|Haig|Beever|Chambers|Draheim|2006}}</ref>

<ref name="cravens">{{harvnb|Cravens|2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Cravens; Angier; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Cravens|2010}}
* {{harvnb|Angier|2000}}
* {{harvnb|Amundson|2005}}
* {{harvnb|Reardon|2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="currell">{{harvnb|Currell|Cogdell|2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Dawkins & Wong">{{cite book |title=The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Dawkins |last2=Wong |first2=Yan |date=2005 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-61-861916-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/406 406]–407 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0 |url-access=registration |quote=(Summarizing Edwards' thesis): We can all happily agree that human racial classification is of no social value and is positively destructive of social and human relations. That is one reason why I object to ticking boxes on forms and why I object to positive discrimination in job selection. But that doesn't mean that race is of 'virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance.' This is Edwards's point, and he reasons as follows. However small the racial partition of total variation may be, if such racial characteristics as there are highly correlated with other racial characteristics, they are by definition informative, and therefore of taxonomic significance.}}</ref>

<ref name=Hunt1863_3>{{cite journal |last=Hunt |first=James |date=24 February 1863 |title=Introductory address on the study of Anthropology |journal=The Anthropological Review |volume=1 |page=3 |quote=...&nbsp;we should always remember, that by whatever means the Negro, for instance, acquired his present physical, mental and moral character, whether he has risen from an ape or descended from a perfect man, we still know that the Races of Europe have now much in their mental and moral nature which the races of Africa have not got. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzYpAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

<ref name=Desmond09_332>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|2009|pages=332–341}}</ref>

<ref name="ehrlich">{{harvnb|Ehrlich|Holm|1964}}</ref>

<ref name="edwards">{{harvnb|Edwards|2003}}</ref>

<ref name="encyclopedia">Kaplan, Jonathan Michael (January 2011) {{"'}}Race': What Biology Can Tell Us about a Social Construct". In: ''Encyclopedia of Life Sciences'' (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester</ref>

<ref name="evolutionary">{{cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=K. M. |last2=Fullerton |first2=S. M. |date=2005 |title=Racing around, getting nowhere |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=165–169 |doi=10.1002/evan.20079 |s2cid=84927946}}</ref>

<ref name="FORA.tv 2008">{{cite web |url=http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |title=New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian |publisher=FORA.tv |date=3 November 2008 |access-date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122071534/http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |archive-date=22 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="Fullwiley2011DNA">{{harvnb|Fullwiley|2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Gill; Armelagos; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Gill|2000a}}
* {{harvnb|Armelagos|Smay|2000}}
* {{harvnb|Risch|Burchard|Ziv|Tang|2002}}
* {{harvnb|Bloche|2004}}
</ref>

<ref name="gitschier">{{harvnb|Gitschier|2005}}</ref>

<ref name="Gordon 1964">{{harvnb|Gordon|1964|p={{Page needed|date=August 2010}}}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2001">{{harvnb|Graves|2001|p={{page needed|date=September 2015}}}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2001 p. 39">{{harvnb|Graves|2001|page=39}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2001 pp. 43–43">{{harvnb|Graves|2001|pages=42–43}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2011">{{harvnb|Graves|2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Harpending; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Cavalli-Sforza|Menozzi|Piazza|1994}}
* {{harvnb|Bamshad|Wooding|Salisbury|Stephens|2004|page=599}}
* {{harvnb|Tang|Quertermous|Rodriguez|Kardia|2005}}
* {{harvnb|Rosenberg|Mahajan|Ramachandran|Zhao|2005}}: "If enough markers are used&nbsp;... individuals can be partitioned into genetic clusters that match major geographic subdivisions of the globe."
</ref>

<ref name="Harpending2006AnthropologicalGenetics">{{harvnb|Harpending|2006|p=458 "On the other hand, information about the race of patients will be useless as soon as we discover and can type cheaply the underlying genes that are responsible for the associations. Can races be enumerated in any unambiguous way? Of course not, and this is well known not only to scientists but also to anyone on the street."}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris 1980">{{harvnb|Harris|1980}}</ref>

<ref name="hhs">{{cite web |url=http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&lvlID=7 |title=Office of Minority Health |publisher=Minorityhealth.hhs.gov |date=16 August 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118084108/http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&lvlID=7 |archive-date=18 January 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Kahn 2011">{{harvnb|Kahn|2011|p=132}}. "For example, what are we to make of the fact that African Americans suffer from disproportionately high rates of hypertension, but Africans in Nigeria have among the world's lowest rates of hypertension, far lower than the overwhelmingly white population of Germany? Genetics certainly plays a role in hypertension. But any role it plays in explaining such differences must surely be vanishingly small." Citing: {{cite journal |first1=Richard |last1=Cooper |last2=Wolf-Maier |first2=Katharina |last3=Luke |first3=Amy |last4=Adeyemo |first4=Adebowale |last5=Banegas |first5=José R. |last6=Forrester |first6=Terrence |last7=Giampaoli |first7=Simona |last8=Joffres |first8=Michel |last9=Kastarinen |first9=Mika |last10=Primatesta |first10=Paola |last11=Stegmayr |first11=Birgitta |last12=Thamm |first12=Michael |title=An International Comparative Study of Blood Pressure in Populations of European vs. African Descent |journal=[[BMC Medicine]] |volume=3 |date=5 January 2005 |issue=2 |page=2 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-3-2 |pmid=15629061 |pmc=545060 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Keita; Templeton; Long">See:
* {{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}
* {{harvnb|Templeton|1998}}
* {{harvnb|Long|Kittles|2003}}
</ref>

<ref name="Keita; Templeton">See:
* {{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}
* {{harvnb|Templeton|1998}}
</ref>

<ref name="Keita1">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}. "Religious, cultural, social, national, ethnic, linguistic, genetic, geographical and anatomical groups have been and sometimes still are called 'races'"</ref>

<ref name="Keita2">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}. "Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term."</ref>

<ref name="Keita3">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}. "Many terms requiring definition for use describe demographic population groups better than the term 'race' because they invite examination of the criteria for classification."</ref>

<ref name="Keita2004">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}</ref>

<ref name="Kennedy">{{harvnb|Kennedy|1995}}</ref>

<ref name="King 2007">{{harvnb|King|2007}}: For example, "the association of blacks with poverty and welfare&nbsp;... is due, not to race per se, but to the link that race has with poverty and its associated disadvantages". p. 75.</ref>

<ref name="Lee 1997, citing M&A">{{harvnb|Lee|1997}} citing {{harvnb|Morgan|1975}} and {{harvnb|Appiah|1992}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee, Mountain, et al.">{{harvnb|Lee|Mountain|Koenig|Altman|2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee, Mountain; et al. 2008">{{harvnb|Lee|Mountain|Koenig|Altman|2008}}: "We caution against making the naive leap to a genetic explanation for group differences in complex traits, especially for human behavioral traits such as IQ scores"</ref>

<ref name="Lewis; Dikötter">''For examples see:''
* {{harvnb|Lewis|1990}}
* {{harvnb|Dikötter|1992}}
</ref>

<ref name="Lie; Thompson; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Lie|2004}}
* {{harvnb|Thompson|Hickey|2005}}
* {{harvnb|Gordon|1964|p={{Page needed|date=August 2010}}}}
* {{harvnb|AAA|1998}}
* {{harvnb|Palmié|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Mevorach|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Segal|1991}}
* {{harvnb|Bindon|2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="lieberman">{{harvnb|Lieberman|Kirk|1997|page=195}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieberman 1995">{{harvnb|Lieberman|Jackson|1995}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieberman 2001">{{harvnb|Lieberman|2001}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieberman, Kirk, et al. 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard |last2=Kirk |first2=Rodney C. |last3=Littlefield |first3=Alice |title=Perishing Paradigm: Race 1931–1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2003-03_105_1/page/110 |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=105 |pages=110–113 |date=2003 |doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.110 |issue=1}}<br />An article in the same issue questions the precise rate of decline, but from their opposing perspective agrees that the Negroid/&thinsp;Caucasoid/&thinsp;Mongoloid paradigm has fallen into near-total disfavor.<br />^ {{cite journal |last1=Cartmill |first1=Matt |last2=Brown |first2=Kaye |title=Surveying the Race Concept: A Reply to Lieberman, Kirk, and Littlefield |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2003-03_105_1/page/114 |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=105 |pages=114–115 |date=2003 |doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.114 |issue=1}}</ref>

<ref name="Livingstone">{{harvnb|Livingstone|Dobzhansky|1962}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks 1995">{{harvnb|Marks|1995}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks 2002">{{harvnb|Marks|2002}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks 2008">{{harvnb|Marks|2008|page=28}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks; Montagu">See:
* {{harvnb|Marks|2002}}
* {{harvnb|Montagu|1941}}
* {{harvnb|Montagu|1997}}
</ref>

<ref name="meltzer">{{harvnb|Meltzer|1993}}</ref>

<ref name="molnar">{{harvnb|Molnar|1992}}</ref>

<ref name="mountain">{{harvnb|Mountain|Risch|2004}}</ref>

<ref name="montagu">See:
* {{harvnb|Montagu|1962}}
* {{harvnb|Bamshad|Olson|2003}}
</ref>

<ref name="Morgan; Smedley; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Morgan|1975}} as cited in {{harvnb|Lee|1997|page=407}}
* {{harvnb|Smedley|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Sivanandan|1982}}
* {{harvnb|Crenshaw|1988}}
* {{harvnb|Conley|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Winfield|2007}}: "It was [[Aristotle]] who first arranged all animals into a single, graded scale that placed humans at the top as the most perfect iteration. By the late 19th century, the idea that inequality was the basis of [[Natural order (philosophy)|natural order]], known as the ''[[great chain of being]]'', was part of the common [[lexicon]]."
</ref>

<ref name="nih">{{cite web |url=http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-057.html |title=Social and Demographic Studies of Rance and Ethnicity in the United States |date=16 January 2003 |id=PA-03-057 |work=Grants1.NIH.gov |publisher=[[US National Institutes of Health]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109174622/http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-057.html |archive-date=9 November 2014}} Program announcement and request for grant applications (through 1 February 2006).</ref>

<ref name="nih10">{{cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=L. |last2=Kaszycka |first2=K. A. |last3=Martinez Fuentes |first3=A. J. |last4=Yablonsky |first4=L. |last5=Kirk |first5=R. C. |last6=Strkalj |first6=G. |last7=Wang |first7=Q. |last8=Sun |first8=L. |volume=28 |issue=2 |title=The race concept in six regions: variation without consensus |date=December 2004 |journal=Collegium Antropologicum |pages=907–921 |pmid=15666627 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/5624}}</ref>

<ref name="nobles">{{harvnb|Nobles|2000}}</ref>

<ref name="OMB 1997">{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity |access-date=19 March 2009 |publisher=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |date=30 October 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191301/https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |archive-date=15 March 2009}} Also: [https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408080244/https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html |date=8 April 2019}} and [https://www.census.gov B03002. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |date=27 December 1996}}</ref>

<ref name="operationalization">{{cite journal |title=The conceptualization and operationalization of race and ethnicity by health services researchers |first=Susan |last=Moscou |journal=Nursing Inquiry |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=94–105 |date=June 2008|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1800.2008.00413.x |pmid=18476852 }}</ref>

<ref name="ousley2009">{{harvnb|Ousley|Jantz|Freid|2009}}</ref>

<ref name="owens">{{harvnb|Owens|King|1999}}</ref>

<ref name="Pigliucci 2013">{{harvnb|Pigliucci|2013}}</ref>

<ref name="presentation">{{cite journal |title=The presentation of human biological diversity in sport and exercise science textbooks: The example of 'race' |first=Christopher J. |last=Hallinan |journal=Journal of Sport Behavior |date=March 1994}}</ref>

<ref name="presentations2005">{{cite web |last=Bindon |first=Jim |publisher=University of Alabama |url=http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/presentations/POST_WWII.PDF#search=%22stanley%20marion%20garn%22 |title=Post World War II |date=2005 |access-date=28 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830182824/http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/presentations/POST_WWII.PDF |archive-date=30 August 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="project">{{harvnb|Human Genome Project|2003}}</ref>

<ref name="profiling">{{cite journal |first=Robert S. |last=Schwartz |title=Racial Profiling in Medical Research |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=344 |issue=18 |date=3 May 2001|pages=1392–1393 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200105033441810 |pmid=11333999}}</ref>

<ref name="reconstructing">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing Race in Science and Society: Biology Textbooks, 1952–2002 |first=Ann |last=Morning |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=2008 |volume=114 |issue=114 Suppl |pages=S106–S137|doi=10.1086/592206 |pmid=19569402 |s2cid=13552528 }}</ref>

<ref name="REGWG">{{cite journal |author=((Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group)) |title=The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=October 2005 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=519–532 |pmid=16175499 |doi=10.1086/491747 |pmc=1275602}}</ref>

<ref name="Rivara, Finberg 2001">{{cite journal |first1=Frederick P. |last1=Rivara |first2=Laurence |last2=Finberg |date=2001 |title=Use of the Terms Race and Ethnicity |journal=[[Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine]] |volume=155 |issue=2 |page=119 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.155.2.119 |pmid=11177083 |quote=In future issues of the ''Archives'', we ask authors to not use race and ethnicity when there is no biological, scientific, or sociological reason for doing so. Race or ethnicity should not be used as explanatory variables, when the underlying constructs are variables that can, and should, be measured directly (eg, educational level of subjects, household income of the families, single vs 2-parent households, employment of parents, owning vs renting one's home, and other measures of socioeconomic status). In contrast, the recent attention on decreasing health disparities uses race and ethnicity not as explanatory variables but as ways of examining the underlying sociocultural reasons for these disparities and appropriately targeting attention and resources on children and adolescents with poorer health. In select issues and questions such as these, use of race and ethnicity is appropriate.}}</ref>

<ref name="Risch 2002">{{harvnb|Risch|Burchard|Ziv|Tang|2002}}</ref>

<ref name="Sauer 1992">{{harvnb|Sauer|1992}}</ref>

<ref name="schaefer">{{harvnb|Schaefer|2008}}: "In many parts of Latin America, racial groupings are based less on the biological physical features and more on an intersection between physical features and social features such as economic class, dress, education, and context. Thus, a more fluid treatment allows for the construction of race as an achieved status rather than an ascribed status as is the case in the United States."</ref>

<ref name="Sesardic 2010">{{harvnb|Sesardic|2010}}</ref>

<ref name="sivanandan">See:
* {{harvnb|Sivanandan|1982}}
* {{harvnb|Muffoletto|2003}}
* {{harvnb|McNeilly|Anderson|Armstead|Clark|1996}}: Psychiatric instrument called the "Perceived Racism Scale" "provides a measure of the frequency of exposure to many manifestations of racism&nbsp;... including individual and institutional"; also assesses motional and behavioral coping responses to racism.
* {{harvnb|Miles|2000}}</ref>

<ref name="Smedley 1999">{{harvnb|Smedley|1999}}</ref>

<ref name="Smedley; Boas">See:
* {{harvnb|Smedley|2002}}
* {{harvnb|Boas|1912}}
</ref>

<ref name="stocking">{{harvnb|Stocking|1968|pages=38–40}}</ref>

<ref name="Štrkalj 2007">{{cite journal |last=Štrkalj |first=Goran |title=The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review |url=http://www.krepublishers.com%2F02-Journals%2FT-Anth%2FAnth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web%2FAnth-09-1-000-000-2007-Abst-PDF%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G-Tt.pdf |journal=[[The Anthropologist]] |date=2007 |volume=9 |pages=73–78 |doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983 |s2cid=13690181}}</ref>

<ref name="takaki">{{harvnb|Takaki|1993}}</ref>

<ref name="Templeton 1998">{{harvnb|Templeton|1998}}</ref>

<ref name="todorov">{{harvnb|Todorov|1993}}</ref>

<ref name="weiss">{{harvnb|Weiss|2005}}</ref>

<ref name="willing">{{harvnb|Willing|2005}}</ref>

<ref name="wilson">{{harvnb|Wilson|Brown|1953}}</ref>

<ref name="Witherspoon, et al. 2007">{{harvnb|Witherspoon|Wooding|Rogers|Marchani|2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Witzig">{{harvnb|Witzig|1996}}</ref>

<ref name="Wright 1978">{{harvnb|Wright|1978}}</ref>

}}