Philippines

===Music and dance===
{{Main|Music of the Philippines|Dance in the Philippines}}
[[File:Tinikling.jpg|thumb|alt=Female dancers in colorful dresses|[[Tinikling]], a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a ''tikling'' bird eluding a farmer's traps<ref>{{cite book|last=Akombo |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ |title=The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures |date=February 3, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2269-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 172] |language=en}}</ref>]]

There are two types of Philippine [[folk dance]], stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA173|name=173}}}} Although native dances had become less popular,<ref name="Villaruz-2006">{{cite book|last=Villaruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C |title=Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-509-4}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA77|name=77}}}} folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA82|name=82}}}} The [[Cariñosa]], a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodríguez |first=José Miguel Díaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emNgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159 |title=The Appeal of the Philippines: Spain, Cultural Representation and Politics |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |date= 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-99811-6 |language=en}}</ref> Popular indigenous dances include the [[Tinikling]] and [[Singkil (Maranao dance)|Singkil]], which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Parfitt |editor-first1=Clare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Memory and Popular Dance: Dancing to Remember, Dancing to Forget |series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies |date=2021 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-71083-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 189] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Namiki |first1=Kanami |title=Hybridity and National Identity: Different Perspectives of Two National Folk Dance Companies in the Philippines |journal=Asian Studies |date=2011 |volume=47 |issue=Special Issue: Cultural Hybridities of the Philippines |pages=69, 84 |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |issn=0004-4679 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711181559/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2013}}</ref> Present-day dances vary from delicate [[ballet]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Burridge |editor-first1=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ng5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |title=The Routledge Companion to Dance in Asia and the Pacific: Platforms for Change |date=September 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-000-44021-8 |language=en}}</ref> to street-oriented [[breakdancing]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Villacruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Philippine Dance in the American Period |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234241/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gasgonia |first=Dennis |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Olympic OK music to Pinoy breakdancers' ears — 'Chance to put PH on the map' |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160028/https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref>

[[Rondalla|Rondalya]] music, with traditional [[mandolin]]-type [[List of Philippine musical instruments|instruments]], was popular during the Spanish era.<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327|name=327}}}}<ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla" /> Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily [[bandurria]]-based bands with 14-string guitars.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Andrew R. |editor-last2=Mihalka |editor-first2=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia |title=Philippines, Music of the |date=September 8, 2020 |edition=1st |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-499-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA665 665] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla">{{#invoke:cite news||date=May 24, 2022 |title=This Master Rondalla Musician is Preserving the Sounds of Philippine Culture in L.A. |work=[[KCET]] |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524195859/https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> [[Kundiman]] developed during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="Ellingham-1999">{{cite book|last=Ellingham |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC |title=The Rough Guide to World Music |volume=2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia & Pacific |series=Rough Guide Music Guides |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |location=London, England |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA214 214]}}</ref> The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to [[Culture of the United States|U.S. culture]] and [[Music of the United States|popular music]].<ref name="Ellingham-1999" /> [[Rock music]] was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or [[Pinoy rock]]), a term encompassing [[pop rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock|punk]], [[new wave music|new wave]], [[ska]], and [[reggae]]. Martial law in the 1970s produced [[Philippine folk music|Filipino folk rock]] bands and artists who [[Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship|were at the forefront]] of political demonstrations.<ref name="Murray-2016">{{cite book|editor-last1=Murray |editor-first1=Jeremy A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ |title=Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania |series=Entertainment and Society around the World |editor-last2=Nadeau |editor-first2=Kathleen |date=August 15, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} The decade also saw the birth of the [[Manila sound]] and [[Original Pilipino Music]] (OPM).<ref name="Shunwei-2022">{{cite journal|last1=Shunwei |first1=Liu |last2=Jia |first2=Li |title=Establishment of Philippine Popular Music Industry |journal=Multicultural Education |date=June 7, 2022 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=60, 66–67 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.6618973 |doi-access=free |url=http://ijdri.com/me/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/6.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=International Journal Documentation & Research Institute}}</ref><ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196|name=171}}}} [[Filipino hip-hop]], which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Goldsmith |editor-first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |title=The Philippines |volume=I and II: A–Z |editor-last2=Fonseca |editor-first2=Anthony J. |date=December 2018 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-35759-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 552–553]}}</ref><ref name="Murray-2016" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} [[Karaoke]] is also popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klempe |first=Sven Hroar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ |title=Sound and Reason: Synesthesia as Metacognition |series=Palgrave Studies in Sound |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-2340-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 83] |language=en}}</ref> From 2010 to 2020, [[Pinoy pop]] (P-pop) was influenced by [[K-pop]] and [[J-pop]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Newbould |first=Chris |date=October 24, 2022 |title=A brief history of P-pop, from anti-Marcos messages to the mainstream and back |language=en |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205213311/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref>

Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced {{lang|es|[[zarzuela]]}} plays (with music)<ref name="Liu-2016">{{cite book|editor-last1=Liu |editor-first1=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre |series=Routledge Handbooks |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-27886-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372 372–373]}}</ref> and {{lang|es|[[Comedia (play)|comedia]]}}s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} and were written in a number of local languages.<ref name="Liu-2016" /> American influence introduced [[vaudeville]] and ballet.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} [[Realism (theatre)|Realistic]] theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.<ref name="Liu-2016" />
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