Perfume

===Immunological; asthma and allergy===
Evidence in peer-reviewed journals shows that some fragrances can cause asthmatic reactions in some individuals, especially those with severe or atopic asthma.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kumar P, Caradonna-Graham VM, Gupta S, Cai X, Rao PN, Thompson J |title=Inhalation challenge effects of perfume scent strips in patients with asthma |journal=Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=429–33 |date=November 1995 |pmid=7583865 }}</ref> Many fragrance ingredients can also cause headaches, allergic skin reactions<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Frosch PJ, Rastogi SC, Pirker C, etal |title=Patch testing with a new fragrance mix – reactivity to the individual constituents and chemical detection in relevant cosmetic products |journal=Contact Derm. |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=216–25 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15859994 |doi=10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00563.x |s2cid=5661020 }}</ref> or [[nausea]].<ref name="GushmanHanaHou">{{cite web | url = http://www.hanahou.com/pages/magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=373&MagazineID=23 | author = Deborah Gushman | title = The Nose Knows | access-date = 7 May 2008 | website = Hanahou.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080213153631/http://www.hanahou.com/pages/magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=373&MagazineID=23 | archive-date = 13 February 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Apostolidis S, Chandra T, Demirhan I, Cinatl J, Doerr HW, Chandra A |title=Evaluation of carcinogenic potential of two nitro-musk derivatives, musk xylene and musk tibetene in a host-mediated in vivo/in vitro assay system |journal=Anticancer Res. |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=2657–62 |year=2002 |pmid=12529978 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmeiser HH, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V |title=Evaluation of health risks caused by musk ketone |journal=Int J Hyg Environ Health |volume=203 |issue=4 |pages=293–9 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11434209 |doi= 10.1078/1438-4639-00047}}</ref>

In some cases, an excessive use of perfumes may cause [[allergy|allergic]] reactions of the skin. For instance, [[acetophenone]], [[ethyl acetate]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} and [[acetone]]<ref name=cbyear/> while present in many perfumes, are also known or potential respiratory [[allergen]]s. Nevertheless, this may be misleading, since the harm presented by many of these chemicals (either natural or synthetic) is dependent on environmental conditions and their concentrations in a perfume. For instance, linalool, which is listed as an irritant, causes skin irritation when it degrades to peroxides, however the use of antioxidants in perfumes or reduction in concentrations can prevent this. As well, the [[furanocoumarin]] present in natural extracts of grapefruit or [[celery]] can cause severe allergic reactions and increase sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Furanocoumarins as potent chemical defenses |first=May |last=Berenbaum |url=http://www.life.illinois.edu/berenbaum/newpage1.htm |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811071727/http://www.life.illinois.edu/berenbaum/newpage1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some research on natural aromatics have shown that many contain compounds that cause skin irritation.<ref name="udgiv">Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products [http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2001/87-7944-596-9/html/kap12_eng.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232246/http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mst.dk%2Fudgiv%2FPublications%2F2001%2F87-7944-596-9%2Fhtml%2Fkap12_eng.htm|date=3 March 2016}}</ref> However some studies, such as IFRA's research claim that [[Perfumery's opopanax|opoponax]] is too dangerous to be used in perfumery, still lack scientific consensus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_025b.pdf|title=SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PRODUCTS : SCCP|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073514/http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_025b.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
It is also true that sometimes inhalation alone can cause skin irritation.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

[[File:Epikutanni-test.jpg|thumb|[[Patch test]]]]
A number of national and international surveys have identified [[balsam of Peru]], often used in perfumes, as being in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing [[patch test]] reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&q=balsam+of+peru+allergy&pg=PA352 |title=Biocompatibility of Dental Materials |author1=Gottfried Schmalz |author2=Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev |publisher= Springer|date= 2008|access-date=5 March 2014|isbn=9783540777823 }}</ref><ref name="google5">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PT530 |title=Clinical Dermatology |author=Thomas P. Habif |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |date=2009 |access-date=6 March 2014|isbn=978-0323080378 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmwYAgAAQBAJ&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PT264 |page=264 |title=Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult |author1=Edward T. Bope |author2=Rick D. Kellerman |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |date=2013 |access-date=6 March 2014 |isbn=9780323225724 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110200718/https://books.google.com/books?id=fmwYAgAAQBAJ&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PT264 |url-status=live }}</ref>  A study in 2001 found that 3.8% of the general population patch tested was allergic to it.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZqlfcIWh9oC&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PA35 |title=Allergy in Practice |page=35|author1=T. Platts-Mills |author2=Johannes Ring |publisher= Springer|date=2006 |access-date=6 March 2014|isbn=9783540265849 }}</ref>  Many perfumes contain components identical to balsam of Peru.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSHIlWSOiroC&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PA556 |title=Contact Dermatitis |author1=Jeanne Duus Johansen |author2=Peter J. Frosch |author3=Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin |page=556|publisher=Springer |date= 2010 |access-date=31 December 2015|isbn=9783642038273 }}</ref>

Balsam of Peru is used as a marker for [[perfume allergy]]. Its presence in a cosmetic is denoted by the [[INCI]] term ''Myroxylon pereirae''.<ref name="rook">{{citation | author=M. H. Beck | author2=S. M. Wilkinson | chapter=Contact Dermatitis: Allergic | title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology | volume=2 | edition=8th | year=2010 | publisher=Wiley | page=26.40}}</ref> Balsam of Peru has been banned by the [[International Fragrance Association]] since 1982 from use as a fragrance compound, but may be present as an extract or distillate in other products, where mandatory labelling is not required for usage of 0.4% or less.<ref name="google3"/>