Law

=== Further disciplines ===
; Law and society
[[File:Unison strike rally Oxford 20060328.jpg|thumb|A trade union protest by [[UNISON]] while on strike]]
* [[Labour law]] is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker, employer and trade union. This involves [[collective bargaining]] regulation, and the right to strike. Individual employment law refers to workplace rights, such as [[job security]], [[Occupational safety and health|health and safety]] or a [[minimum wage]].
* [[Human rights]], [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] and [[human rights law]]. These are laid down in codes such as the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] (which founded the [[European Court of Human Rights]]) and the [[United States Bill of Rights|U.S. Bill of Rights]]. The [[Treaty of Lisbon]] makes the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] legally binding in all member states [[Opt-outs in the European Union#Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Poland|except Poland and the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon|url=http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf|publisher=The Law Society|date=January 2008|access-date=1 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910001253/http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2008}}</ref>
* [[Civil procedure]] and [[criminal procedure]] concern the rules that courts must follow as a trial and appeals proceed. Both concern a citizen's [[right to a fair trial]] or hearing.
* [[Evidence (law)|Evidence law]] involves which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built.
* [[Immigration law]] and [[nationality law]] concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation-state that is not their own and to acquire or lose [[citizenship]]. Both also involve the [[right of asylum]] and the problem of [[statelessness|stateless]] individuals.
* [[Family law]] covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation.
* [[Transactional law]] is the practice of law concerning business and money.
* [[Biolaw]] focuses on the intersection of law and the biosciences.

; Law and commerce
* [[Company law]] sprang from the law of trusts, on the principle of separating ownership of property and control.{{sfn|Berle|1932}} The law of the modern [[company (law)|company]] began with the [[Joint Stock Companies Act 1856]], passed in the United Kingdom, which provided investors with a simple registration procedure to gain [[limited liability]] under the [[Juristic person|separate legal personality]] of the corporation.
* [[Commercial law]] covers complex contract and property law. The law of [[Law of agency|agency]], [[insurance law]], [[Negotiable instrument|bills of exchange]], [[insolvency]] and [[bankruptcy law]] and sales law trace back to the medieval ''[[Law Merchant|Lex Mercatoria]]''. The UK [[Sale of Goods Act 1979]] and the US [[Uniform Commercial Code]] are examples of codified common law commercial principles.
* [[Admiralty law]] and the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|sea law]] lay a basic framework for free trade and commerce across the world's oceans and seas, where outside of a country's zone of control. Shipping companies operate through ordinary principles of commercial law, generalised for a global market. Admiralty law also encompasses specialised issues such as [[marine salvage|salvage]], [[Lien#Maritime liens|maritime liens]], and injuries to passengers.
* [[Intellectual property law]] aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services. These are legal rights ([[copyright]]s, trademarks, patents, and [[related right]]s) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, literary and artistic fields.<ref>WIPO, ''Intellectual Property'', 3</ref>
* [[Space law]] is a relatively new field dealing with aspects of international law regarding human activities in Earth orbit and outer space. While at first addressing space relations of countries via treaties, increasingly it is addressing areas such as [[commercialization of space|space commercialisation]], property, liability, and other issues.

; Law and regulation
[[File:1930-67B.png|thumb|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] trading floor after the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]], before tougher [[banking regulation]] was introduced]]
* [[Tax law]] involves regulations that concern [[value added tax]], [[corporate tax]], and [[income tax]].
* [[Bank regulation|Banking law]] and [[financial regulation]] set minimum standards on the amounts of capital banks must hold, and rules about best practice for investment. This is to insure against the risk of economic crises, such as the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].
* Regulation deals with the provision of [[public services]] and utilities. [[Water law]] is one example. Especially since [[privatisation]] became popular and took management of services away from public law, private companies doing the jobs previously controlled by government have been bound by varying degrees of social responsibility. [[Energy policy|Energy]], [[Ofgem|gas]], [[telecommunication policy|telecomms]] and [[water law|water]] are regulated industries in most [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] countries.
* [[Competition law]], known in the United States as [[antitrust]] law, is an evolving field that traces as far back as [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] decrees against [[price fixing]] and the English [[restraint of trade]] doctrine. Modern competition law derives from the U.S. anti-cartel and anti-monopoly statutes (the [[Sherman Act]] and [[Clayton Act]]) of the turn of the 20th century. It is used to control businesses who attempt to use their economic influence to distort market prices at the expense of [[consumer welfare]].
* [[Consumer protection|Consumer law]] could include anything from regulations on unfair [[contractual terms]] and clauses to directives on airline baggage insurance.
* [[Environmental law]] is increasingly important, especially in light of the [[Kyoto Protocol]] and the potential danger of [[climate change]]. Environmental protection also serves to penalise [[pollution|polluters]] within domestic legal systems.
* [[Aviation law]] deals with all regulations and technical standards applicable to the safe operation of aircraft, and is an essential part both of pilots' training and pilot's operations. It is framed by national civil aviation acts (or laws), themselves mostly aligned with the recommendations or mandatory standards of the [[International Civil Aviation Organization|International Civil Aviation Organisation]] or ICAO.