Jacob Zuma

== Post-presidency ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Doek met afbeeldingen van Jacob Zuma TMnr 6369-4.jpg|thumb|Commemorative ANC cloth from Zuma's 2009 campaign and inauguration|235x235px]]
The week after his resignation, Zuma attended a farewell cocktail party in his honour, hosted by Ramaphosa at [[Tuynhuys]] in Cape Town and attended by other members of cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-21|title=Zuma and Ramaphosa all smiles at farewell party|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/zuma-and-ramaphosa-all-smiles-at-farewell-party-20180221|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Citypress|language=en-US}}</ref> Although former presidents are invited to all [[State of the Nation Address (South Africa)|State of the Nation]] addresses, Zuma did not attend Ramaphosa's addresses in 2018, 2019, or 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malingo|first=Batandwa|date=2020-02-12|title=Jacob Zuma to attend Sona with other former presidents, says parliament|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2020-02-12-jacob-zuma-to-attend-sona-with-other-former-presidents-says-parliament/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref>

=== Third corruption indictment ===
{{Further|Jacob Zuma corruption charges#2018–present: Third indictment|label1=Jacob Zuma corruption charges § Third indictment}}

On 16 March 2018, a month after Zuma resigned from the presidency, the NPA announced that he would again face prosecution on the same 16 criminal charges he was indicted on in 2006: 12 charges of fraud, two of corruption, and one each of racketeering and money laundering, all related to the 1999 [[South African Arms Deal|Arms Deal]] and to Zuma's relationship with Shaik.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 March 2018|title=Jacob Zuma: Former South African president faces corruption trial|work=BBC News|agency=|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43426971|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> The case was enrolled in the [[KwaZulu-Natal Division|Pietermaritzburg High Court]]. Zuma pleaded not guilty when the trial began on 26 May 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Burke|date=26 May 2021|title=Jacob Zuma trial: South Africa's ex-president denies corruption charges|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/26/jacob-zuma-trial-south-africas-ex-president-denies-corruption-charges|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> As of October 2022, the trial was scheduled to resume in late January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Emsie |date=2022-10-19 |title=Zuma arms deal trial postponed until early 2023 |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2022-10-19-zuma-arms-deal-trial-postponed-to-early-2023/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref>

=== Zondo Commission ===

==== Testimony ====
[[File:Jacob_Zuma_at_the_Zondo_Commission.png|left|thumb|280x280px|Zuma's third day of testimony to the [[Zondo Commission]], 17 July 2019]]
At the instruction of the [[Public Protector]] and high court, in January 2018 Zuma established the [[Zondo Commission]] to investigate fraud, corruption, and state capture in the public sector in South Africa. Zuma was scheduled to testify before the commission for five days in mid-July 2019, and on Monday 15 July he opened his testimony by claiming that the commission was part of a decades-long "character assassination"<ref name="Burke-2019">{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2019-07-15|title=Zuma tells South Africa corruption inquiry he is victim of foreign plot|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/15/jacob-zuma-south-africa-corruption-inquiry|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> conspiracy against him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maughan|first=Karyn|date=2019-07-15|title=Zondo inquiry is part of intelligence plot to 'get rid' of me, Jacob Zuma says|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-07-15-zondo-inquiry-is-part-of-intelligence-plot-to-get-rid-of-me-jacob-zuma-says/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Mailovich-2019">{{Cite web|last=Mailovich|first=Claudi|date=2019-07-19|title=Jacob Zuma pulls out of state capture inquiry|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-07-19-jacob-zuma-pulls-out-of-state-capture-inquiry/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> He denied the veracity of several other witnesses' testimony and questioned the appropriateness of the phrase "state capture", which he said was used to discredit him. If the whole state had truly been captured, he argued that the commission should investigate the judiciary and Parliament as well as the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] of government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bezuidenhout|first=Jessica|date=2019-07-15|title=The Essence of Zuma, Day One: 'State Capture Commission is designed to bury me'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-16-the-essence-of-zuma-day-one-state-capture-commission-is-designed-to-bury-me/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> After the hearings, Zuma addressed supporters who gathered outside the commission's offices in Johannesburg.<ref name="Burke-2019"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tolsi|first=Niren|date=2019-07-24|title=Zuma's Zondo testimony was like a five-day Test|url=https://www.newframe.com/zumas-zondo-testimony-was-like-a-five-day-test/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=New Frame}}</ref>

Before the end of the third day of testimony on Wednesday 17 July, chairperson [[Ray Zondo]] adjourned proceedings so that the commission could meet with Zuma and his lawyers in order to discuss Zuma's grievances about his treatment by the commission.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-19|title=Zuma retracts decision to withdraw from the Zondo commission|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/live-will-jacob-zuma-drop-more-bombs-at-state-capture-inquiry-20190719|access-date=2022-01-13|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> On the morning of Friday 19 July, his lawyer announced that Zuma would "take no further part" in the commission's proceedings and would consider court action. Zuma felt that he had been treated like an accused criminal rather than as a witness and that he had been relentlessly [[Cross-examination|cross-examined]] – though the head of the commission's legal team pointed out that his cross-examination had not yet begun.<ref name="Mailovich-2019"/> Later that day Zondo announced that they had come to an agreement: the commission had acquiesced to Zuma's demand to furnish him with specific allegations in advance, and Zuma would provide written statements in response.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bezuidenhout|first=Jessica|date=2019-07-19|title=Days of Zondo: Zuma's Zondo showing to continue after compromise deal|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-19-zumas-zondo-showing-to-continue-after-compromise-deal/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref>

In subsequent months, Zuma appeared reluctant to cooperate with the commission, and he did not provide further testimony before it. Zondo issued a [[summons]] for Zuma's appearance in the week of 16 November 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-10-09 |title=Jacob Zuma out of runway as Judge Zondo gives thumbs-up to state capture inquiry summons |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-09-jacob-zuma-out-of-runway-as-judge-zondo-gives-thumbs-up-for-state-capture-inquiry-summons/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> but Zuma applied to have Zondo recuse himself from proceedings. Zuma claimed that he and Zondo were friends, which Zondo denied,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-11-18 |title=Recusal judgment delayed as Jacob Zuma tables new details of 'friendship' with judge Zondo |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-18-recusal-judgment-delayed-as-jacob-zuma-tables-new-details-of-friendship-with-judge-zondo/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> and that there was a conflict of interest arising from their "historical family relations".<ref name="Haffajee-2020">{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-10-29 |title=Judge Zondo raises the stakes on Jacob Zuma's plan to use family ties in recusal application |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-29-judge-zondo-raises-the-stakes-on-jacob-zumas-plan-to-use-family-ties-in-recusal-application/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> On the latter point, Zondo conceded that he had had a child with the sister of Zuma's third wife, Thobeka Madiba-Zuma, but pointed out that their relationship had ended in the 1990s, before Zuma and Madiba-Zuma met.<ref name="Haffajee-2020" /> On Thursday 19 November, Zondo dismissed Zuma's application for his recusal. When the commission heard Zuma's testimony, Zondo announced that Zuma had left during a break without being excused.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2020-11-30 |title=Zuma maintains his true colours at Zondo commission |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-30-zuma-maintains-his-true-colours-at-zondo-commission/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-11-19 |title=Zuma does a runner after Zondo sets out a three-part judicial smackdown to recusal bid |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-19-dismissed-judge-zondo-delivers-a-three-part-judicial-smackdown-to-jacob-zumas-recusal-bid/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> He did not return on 20 November.

==== Contempt of court ====
{{Main|Jacob Zuma contempt of court}}
[[File:Raymond Zondo.png|thumb|210x210px|Zuma clashed with the [[Zondo Commission]] chairperson, Deputy Chief Justice [[Ray Zondo|Raymond Zondo]]]]
In early December, the commission issued summonses for Zuma to appear before it in the weeks of 18 January and 15 February 2021 and applied to the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] for an order compelling Zuma to comply with the summonses,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Quintal|first=Genevieve|date=2020-12-04|title=Zondo sets down new dates for Zuma to appear at commission|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2020-12-04-zondo-sets-down-new-dates-for-zuma-to-appear-at-commission/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> which was granted on 28 January.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nicolson|first=Greg|date=2021-01-28|title=Final order: ConCourt rules Jacob Zuma must appear and answer questions at Zondo Commission|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-01-28-final-order-concourt-rules-jacob-zuma-must-appear-and-answer-questions-at-zondo-commission/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cele|first=S'thembile|date=28 January 2021|title=South African Court Rules Zuma Must Testify at Graft Inquiry|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-28/south-african-court-rules-zuma-must-testify-at-graft-inquiry|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> When Zuma did not comply with the February summons, in open defiance of the court order, the commission approached the Constitutional Court and asked it to sentence Zuma to two years' imprisonment for [[contempt of court]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nicolson|first=Greg|date=2021-03-25|title=Zuma and the ConCourt: The punishing of the ex-president could lead to the making of a martyr|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-25-zuma-and-the-concourt-the-punishing-of-the-ex-president-could-lead-to-the-making-of-a-martyr/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Zuma refused to participate in the contempt proceedings, although he complained of bias, and on 29 June 2021 he was sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Chutel|first2=Lynsey|date=2021-06-29|title=South African Court Orders Arrest of Ex-President Jacob Zuma for Contempt|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/world/africa/jacob-zuma-prison.html|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Arrest and imprisonment ====
Zuma was given until 4 July to hand himself in, after which the police would have until 7 July to arrest him forcibly.<ref name="BBC News-2021">{{Cite news|date=2021-07-07|title=Jacob Zuma: Deadline looms for South African police to arrest former president|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57748129|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref> The [[uMkhonto we Sizwe Military Veterans' Association]] warned that his arrest would destabilise the country,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=South Africa's top court agrees to hear Zuma challenge|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/3/s-africas-zuma-conviction-to-be-reviewed-by-top-court|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> and hundreds of supporters gathered outside his Nkandla residence, threatening violence if he was detained.<ref name="BBC News-2021"/><ref name="Eligon-2021">{{Cite news|last=Eligon|first=John|date=2021-07-07|title=Jacob Zuma, Former South African President, Is Arrested|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/world/africa/jacob-zuma-arrested-south-africa.html|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Zuma told the press that he had been sentenced without trial, saying that it might "remind our people of the apartheid days", and told a rally in Nkandla:<blockquote>I fought for freedom. I was fighting for these very rights. No one will take my rights away. Even the dead that I fought against during the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|liberation struggle]] will turn in their graves.<ref name="Eligon-2021"/></blockquote>On 7 July, with the deadline nearing and an outstanding court application by Zuma to halt the arrest, it was unclear whether the [[South African Police Service]] planned to arrest him.<ref name="BBC News-2021"/> Forty minutes before the midnight deadline, Zuma handed himself over and was taken to the [[Estcourt]] Correctional Centre.<ref name="Eligon-2021"/><ref name="Estcourt2">{{Cite news|last1=Sishi|first1=Siyabonga|last2=Dludla|first2=Nqobile|last3=Cocks|first3=Tim|last4=Wendell|first4=Roelf|last5=Winning|first5=Alexander|date=8 July 2021|title=South Africa's Zuma hands himself over to police to begin sentence|language=en-US|work=Reuters|editor1-last=Cocks|editor1-first=Tim|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-zuma-hand-himself-over-police-foundation-2021-07-07/|url-access=registration|access-date=8 July 2021|editor2-last=Cooney|editor2-first=Peter}}</ref> On 9 July, the Pietermaritzburg High Court dismissed Zuma's application to have the arrest overturned, citing a lack of evidence for the medical grounds raised by Zuma.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Winning|first1=Alexander|last2=Roelf|first2=Wendell|last3=Ward|first3=Rogan|last4=Kumwenda-Mtambo|first4=Olivia|last5=Cocks|first5=Tim|date=9 July 2021|title=South Africa's jailed ex-leader Zuma loses bid to overturn arrest|language=en-US|work=Reuters|editor1-last=Elgood|editor1-first=Giles|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-african-court-dismisses-zumas-application-block-arrest-2021-07-09/|url-access=registration|access-date=10 July 2021|editor2-last=Richardson|editor2-first=Alex}}</ref> There was a severe [[2021 South African unrest|outbreak of civil unrest]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] on the same day linked to Zuma's detention.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Cele|first1=S'thembile|last2=Siwele|first2=Khuleko|date=11 July 2021|title=Six Killed as South African Riots Spread After Jailing of Zuma|language=en-US|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-11/south-africa-s-pro-zuma-protests-spread-to-nation-s-economic-hub|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Govender|first=Suthentira|date=9 July 2021|title=Millions of rand of KZN infrastructure damaged in violent 'Free Jacob Zuma' protests|language=en-SA|work=Sunday Times|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-07-09-millions-of-rand-of-kzn-infrastructure-damaged-in-violent-free-jacob-zuma-protests/|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> The Constitutional Court subsequently heard an urgent rescission application by Zuma, reserving judgement on 12 July,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pillay|first=Kailene|date=2021-07-12|title=ConCourt reserves judgment on Jacob Zuma's bid to have prison sentence rescinded|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/concourt-reserves-judgment-on-jacob-zumas-bid-to-have-prison-sentence-rescinded-2ab6c794-9921-4355-a51d-11dfa1ad8f32|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> but ultimately upheld its earlier sentence in a 7–2 ruling.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Magome|first=Mogomotsi|date=17 September 2021|title=South Africa: Top court upholds ex-president's jail sentence|language=en-US|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-johannesburg-courts-south-africa-jacob-zuma-028b88bc789e4f8728203f8fc558c298|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

On 22 July, Zuma was granted one day's compassionate leave to attend the funeral of his brother Michael.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mahvuso|first=Sihle|date=21 July 2021|title=Jacob Zuma applies for permission to attend brother's funeral at Nkandla|language=en-ZA|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/jacob-zuma-applies-for-permission-to-attend-brothers-funeral-at-nkandla-6fe9fb53-5ce3-404b-98a9-5b202929c37e|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aboudouh|first=Ahmed|date=22 July 2021|title=Jacob Zuma released from prison to attend his brother's funeral after violent riots|language=en-UK|work=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-zuma-prison-funeral-b1888613.html|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> On 6 August, the [[Department of Correctional Services (South Africa)|Department of Correctional Services]] reported that he had been admitted to hospital for routine [[medical observation]] following a routine health check.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McKenzie|first=David|date=6 August 2021|title=South Africa: Top court upholds ex-president's jail sentence|language=en-US|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/06/africa/jacob-zuma-hospitalized-intl/index.html|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> He underwent surgery for an unspecified condition on 14 August and had to remain hospitalised in order to undergo further medical procedures.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 August 2021|title=Former SA President Jacob Zuma undergoes surgery, to remain in hospital|language=en|work=Africanews|url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/08/15/former-sa-president-jacob-zuma-undergoes-surgery-to-remain-in-hospital//|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> On 5 September, he was released on [[medical parole]] to receive medical care at home, instead of in hospital, in order to complete the rest of his sentence at his Nkandla home, under supervision in the [[Corrections#Community Based Corrections|community corrections]] system.<ref name="Deutsche Welle-2021">{{Cite news|date=6 September 2021|title=South Africa: Jacob Zuma released from prison on medical parole|language=en|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-africa-jacob-zuma-released-from-prison-on-medical-parole/a-59094022|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ensor-2021">{{Cite web|last=Ensor|first=Linda|date=2021-12-21|title=Jacob Zuma granted leave to appeal parole judgment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-12-21-jacob-zuma-granted-leave-to-appeal-parole-judgment/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref>

The decision was challenged in court by the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]], the [[Helen Suzman Foundation]], and [[AfriForum|Afriforum]]. On 15 December 2021, high court judge [[Keoagile Matojane]] set aside the parole decision, declaring it unlawful and saying that it undermined respect for the judiciary, the [[rule of law]], and the [[Constitution of South Africa|Constitution]]. The Medical Parole Advisory Board had advised against parole, but it had been granted by the Correctional Services Commissioner, Arthur Fraser, who had thereby effectively and improperly overruled the board.<ref name="Erasmus-2021">{{Cite web|last=Erasmus|first=Des|date=2021-12-15|title=#GoBackToJail ruling: Fraser's decision to grant Zuma parole was an 'unlawful intervention' that undermined respect for SA's courts|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-15-back-to-jail-ruling-frasers-decision-to-grant-zuma-parole-was-an-unlawful-intervention-that-undermined-respect-for-sas-courts/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=2021-12-15|title=Jacob Zuma Must Return to Prison, a Judge in South Africa Rules|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/africa/jacob-zuma-prison-south-africa.html|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Zuma was ordered to return to prison, with his time on parole not counted towards his sentence.<ref name="Erasmus-2021"/> Zuma's lawyers immediately announced his intention to appeal the high court's decision,<ref name="Erasmus-2021"/> and he was granted leave to do so on 21 December.<ref name="Ensor-2021"/>

The Department of Correctional Services declared that Zuma's sentence had ended on 7 October 2022. A ruling had not yet been delivered on his appeal against the cancellation of his medical parole.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-s-african-president-zuma-released-correctional-services-system-2022-10-07/|title=South Africa's Jacob Zuma set free after prison term ends|author=Bhargav Acharya|work=Reuters|date=7 October 2022|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> The Supreme Court of Appeal ruled on 21 November that the medical parole was unlawful, but allowed the national commissioner of the Department of Correctional Services to consider whether the time he spent in parole would count towards his sentence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-court-rules-former-president-zuma-s-medical-parole-unlawful-/6843455.html|title=South African Court Rules Former President Zuma's Medical Parole Unlawful|author=Linda Givetash|work=Voice of America|date=21 November 2022|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> The Department of Correctional Services appealed the ruling to the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] on 16 December.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ewn.co.za/0001/01/01/correctional-services-commissioner-takes-zuma-medical-parole-fight-to-concourt|title=Correctional Services Commissioner Takes Zuma Medical Parole to Concourt|author=Bernadette Wicks|work=Eyewitness News|date=16 December 2022|access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> On 11 August 2023, the Department of Correctional Services granted Zuma remission of his 15-month sentence.<ref name=":0" />