Sleep deprivation

===Sleep apnea===
{{Main|Sleep apnea}}
Sleep apnea is a serious disorder that has symptoms of both insomnia and sleep deprivation, among other symptoms like excessive daytime sleepiness, abrupt awakenings, and difficulty concentrating.<ref name="mayoclinic.org">{{Cite web |title=Obstructive sleep apnea - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Those with sleep apnea may experience symptoms such as awakening gasping or [[choking]], restless sleep, morning headaches, morning confusion or irritability, and restlessness. This disorder affects 1 to 10 percent of Americans.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Zammit GK |url=https://archive.org/details/goodnightshowtos00zamm|title=Good nights : how to stop sleep deprivation, overcome insomnia, and get the sleep you need|date=1997|publisher=Andrews and McMeel|others=Zanca, Jane A.|isbn=0-8362-2188-5|location=Kansas City|oclc=35849087|url-access=registration}}</ref> It has many serious health outcomes if left untreated. [[Positive airway pressure]] therapy using CPAP ([[continuous positive airway pressure]]), APAP, or BPAP devices is considered the first-line treatment option for sleep apnea.<ref name="pmid26336596">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spicuzza L, Caruso D, Di Maria G | title = Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and its management | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 273–85 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26336596 | pmc = 4549693 | doi = 10.1177/2040622315590318 }}</ref>

Central [[sleep apnea]] is caused by a failure of the central nervous system to signal the body to breathe during sleep. Treatments similar to obstructive sleep apnea may be used, as well as other treatments such as adaptive servo ventilation and certain medications. Some medications, such as opioids, may contribute to or cause central sleep apnea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muza RT | title = Central sleep apnoea-a clinical review | journal = Journal of Thoracic Disease | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 930–937 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 26101651 | pmc = 4454847 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.04.45 }}</ref>