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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text=== Prehistory (pre–900) === {{Main|Prehistory of the Philippines}} There is [[Archaeology of the Philippines|evidence]] of early [[hominins]] living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos}}</ref> A small number of bones from [[Callao Cave]] potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'', who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> The oldest [[modern human]] remains on the islands are from the [[Tabon Caves]] of [[Palawan]], [[U/Th-dated]] to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] is presumably a [[Negrito]], among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] to the now-sunken landmasses of [[Sundaland]] and [[Sahul]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> and northern [[Luzon]]. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] have been dated to 2000 BC,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[lingling-o]] jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], and port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page