Philanthropy

===Great Britain ===
[[File:The Foundling Hospital, Holborn, London; a bird's-eye view o Wellcome V0013461.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Foundling Hospital]] in London, {{circa|1753}}. The original building has since been demolished.]]

In London, prior to the 18th century, parochial and civic charities were typically established by bequests and operated by local church parishes (such as [[St Dionis Backchurch]]) or [[guild]]s (such as the [[Worshipful Company of Carpenters|Carpenters' Company)]]. During the 18th century, however, "a more activist and explicitly [[Protestant]] tradition of direct charitable engagement during life" took hold, exemplified by the creation of the [[Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge]] and [[Societies for the Reformation of Manners]].<ref name="London">{{cite web|url=https://www.londonlives.org/static/AssociationalCharities.jsp|title=Associational Charities|website=London Lives|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

In 1739, [[Thomas Coram]], appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London, received a royal charter to establish the [[Foundling Hospital]] to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb's Conduit Fields, [[Bloomsbury]].<ref name="Foundling">{{cite web|first=Jacqueline|last=Banerjee|url=https://www.victorianweb.org/history/orphanages/coram1.html|title=Captain Coram and the Foundling Hospital|work=The Victorian Web|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> This was "the first children's charity in the country, and one that 'set the pattern for incorporated associational charities' in general."<ref name="Foundling"/> The hospital "marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new-style charities."<ref name="London"/>

[[Jonas Hanway]], another notable philanthropist of the era, established [[The Marine Society]] in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the [[Royal Navy|navy]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=N. A. M. Rodger|first=N.A.M.|last=Roger|title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815|url=https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3/page/313/mode/1up 313]|isbn=978-0-393-32847-9 }}</ref> By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the [[Magdalen Hospital]] to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscriptions and run as voluntary associations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the [[Royal Charter]].

====19th century====
[[File:William wilberforce.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[William Wilberforce]], a prominent British philanthropist and [[Abolition of the Slave Trade|anti-slavery campaigner]]]]

Philanthropists, such as [[Abolition of the Slave Trade|anti-slavery campaigner]] [[William Wilberforce]], began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill-treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] throughout the Empire starting in 1807.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Louis Taylor|last=Merrill|title=The English campaign for abolition of the slave trade|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2715027|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=30|number=4|year=1945|pages= 382–399|jstor=2715027|doi=10.2307/2715027 |s2cid=150275678 }}</ref> Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Christer|last=Petley|title='Devoted Islands' and 'that Madman Wilberforce': British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2011.598744|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=39|number=3|year=2011|pages=393–415|doi=10.1080/03086534.2011.598744 |s2cid=159547077 }}</ref>

Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle class in the 19th century. By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income, all together, of about {{currency|2 million|GBP|passthrough=yes}}. By 1885, rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities, with an income of about {{currency|4.5 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}. They included a wide range of religious and secular goals, with the American import, [[YMCA]], as one of the largest, and many small ones, such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of {{currency|76 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}, of which {{currency|20 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} was bequeathed to charities. By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about {{currency|8.5 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}.<ref name=Read>{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Read|title=The age of urban democracy: England 1868–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read|url-access=registration|orig-year=1979|year=1994|isbn=0582089212|edition=revised|publisher=Longman}}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read/page/125/mode/1up 125]}}

Led by the energetic [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]] (1801–1885), philanthropists organized themselves.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Geoffrey|last=Finlayson|title=The Victorian Shaftesbury|journal=History Today|date=March 1983|volume=33|number=3|pages=31–35}}</ref> In 1869 they set up the [[Charity Organisation Society]]. It was a federation of district committees, one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions. Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance, thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor.{{r|Read|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read/page/125/mode/1up 125]}} Many of the charities were designed to alleviate the harsh living conditions in the slums. such as the [[Labourer's Friend Society]] founded in 1830. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for "cottage husbandry" that later became the allotment movement. In 1844 it became the first [[Model Dwellings Company]]—an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them, while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was one of the first [[housing association]]s, a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century, brought about by the growth of the [[middle class]]. Later associations included the [[Peabody Trust]], and the [[Guinness Trust]]. The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy."<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last = Siegel|first= Fred | year = 1974 | title = Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. By John Nelson Tarn… [Book Review] | journal = [[The Journal of Economic History]] | volume = 34 | issue = 4, December | pages =1061f | doi = 10.1017/S0022050700089683 | s2cid = 154468207 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/five-percent-philanthropy-an-account-of-housing-in-urban-areas-between-1840-and-1914-by-john-nelson-tarn-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1973-pp-ii-181-135-plates-2350/908F3785A1E06CDBE15C3BD1348369C3 |url-access=subscription}}
|2={{cite book | author = Tarn, John Nelson | year = 1973 | title = Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914 | location = Cambridge, U.K. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0521085069 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn/page/n19/mode/1up xiv], [https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn/page/23/mode/1up 23], and ''passim'' | url = https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn | url-access=registration }} }}</ref>