Pennsylvania

===17th century===
{{Main|Province of Pennsylvania}}
[[File:William_Penn.png|thumb|[[William Penn]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]] and son of a [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|prominent admiral]], founded the colonial [[Province of Pennsylvania]] in 1681.]]
In the 17th century, the [[New Netherland|Dutch]] and the [[Virginia Company|English]] each claimed both sides of the [[Delaware River]] as part of their colonial lands in America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paullin |first1=Charles O. |title=Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States |date=1932 |publisher=[[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] and [[American Geographical Society]] |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=John K. |location=New York and Washington, D.C. |pages=Plate 42}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=10 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=17–23}}</ref><ref name="Van Zandt2">{{cite book |last=Van Zandt |first=Franklin K. |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |year=1976 |series=Geological Survey Professional Papers |volume=909 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=74, 92}}</ref> The Dutch were the first to take possession.<ref name="Van Zandt2" /> By June 3, 1631, the Dutch began settling the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] by establishing the [[Zwaanendael Colony]] on the site of present-day [[Lewes, Delaware]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=Colonial Delaware: A History |publisher=KTO Press |year=1978 |location=Millwood, New York |pages=9–12}}</ref> In 1638, Sweden established [[New Sweden|New Sweden Colony]] in the region of [[Fort Christina]] on the site of present-day [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region, including parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, but settled few colonists there.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=Colonial Delaware: A History |publisher=KTO Press |year=1978 |location=Millwood, New York |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |title=New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 1 |publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company |year=1964 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |page=12}}</ref>

On March 12, 1664, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II of England]] gave [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]] a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant and other lands. This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for [[New Netherland]], which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=4 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=278–280}}</ref>

On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present-day [[New Jersey]] to [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]] and [[George Carteret]] for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland began on August 29, 1664, when [[New Amsterdam]] was coerced to surrender while facing cannons on British ships in [[New York Harbor]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Zandt |first=Franklin K. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |year=1976 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n88 79]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=6 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=375–377}}</ref> This conquest continued, and was completed in October 1664, when the British captured [[Fort Casimir]] in what today is [[New Castle, Delaware]].

The [[Peace of Breda]] between England, France, and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21, 1667,<ref>{{cite book |last=Farnham |first=Mary Frances |title=Farnham Papers (1603–1688). Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine |publisher=Collections of the [[Maine Historical Society]], 2nd Series. |year=1901–1902 |volume=7 |location=Portland, Maine |pages=311, 314}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes |title-link=Consolidated Treaty Series |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1969–1981 |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=Clive |volume=10 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=231}}</ref> although there were temporary reversions.

On September 12, 1672, during the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], the Dutch reconquered [[New York Colony]]/[[New Amsterdam]], establishing three County Courts, which went on to become original Counties in present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15 |year=1853–1887 |editor-last=Fernow |editor-first=B. |location=Albany, New York |publisher=Weed, Parsons and Co |pages=[https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod/page/507 507]–508 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407175836/https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War and reverted all political situations to the ''status quo ante bellum''. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names.<ref>{{cite book |title=Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1969–1981 |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=Clive |volume=13 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=136}}</ref> By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, and the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674.<ref>{{cite book |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15 |year=1853–1887 |editor-last=Fernow |editor-first=B. |volume=12 |location=Albany, New York |publisher=Weed, Parsons and Co |page=515}}</ref> Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.<ref>{{cite book |title=Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681 |publisher=Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Volume 7 |year=1860 |editor-last=Armstrong |editor-first=Edward |pages=119, 198}}</ref>

On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428183155/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp|date=April 28, 2011}}. This charter, granted by [[Charles II (England)]] to William Penn, constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province, which, in honor of his father, [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral William Penn]], whose cash advances and services were requited, was called Pennsylvania. On August 24, 1682, to perfect his title, [[William Penn]] purchased, a quit-claim from the [[James II (England)|Duke of York]] to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664</ref> to [[Quakers|Quaker]] leader William Penn to repay a debt of £16,000<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ |title=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1 |year=1916 |editor=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors |pages=180–181 |chapter=Samuel Carpenter}}</ref> (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring Worth |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681&pound71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064027/http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681&pound71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Measuring Worth}}</ref> owed to William's father. The transaction represents one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.<ref name="quapoly2">{{cite web |date=March 28, 2006 |title=Quakers and the political process |url=http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524050103/http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html |archive-date=May 24, 2008 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Pym.org}}</ref> Penn proposed that the land be called New Wales, but there were objections to that name, so he recommended Sylvania (from the [[Latin]] ''silva'': "forest, woods"). The King named it Pennsylvania (literally "Penn's Woods") in honor of Admiral Penn. The younger Penn was embarrassed at this name, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh |url=http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222003958/http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |publisher=Britannia.com |quote=This day, my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this, a pretty, hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for head as in Penmanmoire (sic), in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn, in Buckinghamshire . . . called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania and they added Penn to it, and though I opposed it and went to the King to have it struck out and altered he said it was past . . nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name}}</ref> Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the [[county commission]] and [[Freedom of religion|freedom of religious conviction]].<ref name="quapoly2" />

What had been Upland on the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware border was renamed as [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]] when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4, 1681.<ref>{{cite book |title=Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681 |publisher=Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania |year=1860 |editor-last=Armstrong |editor-first=Edward |volume=7 |page=196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=8 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=243}}</ref> Penn signed a peace treaty with [[Tamanend]], leader of the Lenape, which began a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yount |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82 |title=How the Quakers invented America |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7425-5833-5 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084151/https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82&dq&hl=en |archive-date=September 6, 2015}}</ref> Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The [[Treaty of Shackamaxon|treaty]] of William Penn was never violated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Sydney G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKzFgAlx1CkC&pg=PA13 |title=The Quaker Colonies |publisher=Echo Library |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4068-5110-6 |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320020816/http://books.google.com/books?id=zKzFgAlx1CkC&pg=PA13&dq&hl=en |archive-date=March 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia &#124; Treaty of Shackamaxon |url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/treaty-of-shackamaxon-2/ |website=philadelphiaencyclopedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Respectfully Remembering the Affable One |url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/ |website=Hidden City Philadelphia}}</ref>