New World Order (conspiracy theory)

===Usage as reference to a conspiracy (Cold War era)===
During the [[Red Scare#Second Red Scare (1947–60)|Second Red Scare]], both secular and [[Christian right]] American agitators, largely influenced by the work of Canadian conspiracy theorist [[William Guy Carr]], increasingly embraced and spread dubious fears of [[Freemasons]], [[Illuminati]] and [[Jewish Bolshevism|Jews]] as the alleged driving forces behind an "[[comintern|international communist]] conspiracy." The threat of "Godless communism", in the form of an [[state atheism|atheistic]], [[bureaucratic collectivism|bureaucratic collectivist]] world government, [[demonization|demonized]] as the "Red Menace", became the focus of [[apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[conspiracism]]. The Red Scare came to shape one of the core ideas of the political right in the United States, which is that [[liberalism in the United States|liberals]] and [[progressivism in the United States|progressives]], with their [[welfare state|welfare-state]] policies and international cooperation programs such as [[United States foreign aid|foreign aid]], supposedly contribute to a gradual process of global [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivism]] that will inevitably lead to nations being replaced with a [[world communism|communistic/collectivist one-world government]].<ref name="Berlet 1999">{{cite journal|last1= Berlet|first1= Chip|title= Dances with Devils: How Apocalyptic and Millennialist Themes Influence Right Wing Scapegoating and Conspiracism|journal= The Public Eye|date= 15 April 1999|url= http://www.publiceye.org/apocalyptic/Dances_with_Devils_1.html|access-date= 2 April 2016}}</ref> [[James Warburg]], appearing before the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] in 1950, famously stated: "We shall have world government, whether or not we like it. The question is only whether world government will be achieved by consent or by conquest."<ref>{{cite book
|title=Revision of the United Nations Charter: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Eighty-First Congress
|author=Senate Report (Senate Foreign Relations Committee)
|publisher=United States Government Printing Office
|year=1950
|page=494}} [[s:James Warburg before the Subcommittee on Revision of the United Nations Charter#We shall have world government|Testimony on Wikisource]]</ref>

[[Right-wing populist]] advocacy groups with a [[paleoconservatism|paleoconservative]] world-view, such as the [[John Birch Society]], disseminated a multitude of conspiracy theories in the 1960s claiming that the governments of both the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] were controlled by a [[cabal]] of [[neoliberalism|corporate internationalists]], "greedy" bankers and corrupt politicians who were intent on using the UN as the vehicle to create a "One World Government". This [[anti-globalization movement|anti-globalist]] conspiracism fueled the campaign for [[United States withdrawal from the United Nations|U.S. withdrawal from the UN]]. American writer [[Mary M. Davison]], in her 1966 booklet ''The Profound Revolution'', traced the alleged New World Order conspiracy to the establishment of the U.S. [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] in 1913 by international bankers, whom she claimed later formed the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1921 as a [[Shadow government (conspiracy)|shadow government]]. At the time the booklet was published, many readers would have interpreted "international bankers" as a reference to a postulated "international [[Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories|Jewish banking conspiracy]]" masterminded by the [[Rothschild family]].<ref name="Berlet 1999"/>{{additional citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Arguing that the term "New World Order" is used by a secretive global elite dedicated to the eradication of the sovereignty of the world's nations, American writer [[Gary Allen]]—in his books ''None Dare Call It Conspiracy'' (1971), ''Rockefeller: Campaigning for the New World Order'' (1974), and '' Say "No!" to the New World Order'' (1987)—articulated the anti-globalist theme of contemporary [[right-wing]] conspiracism in the U.S. After the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]] in the early 1990s, the ''de facto'' subject of New World Order conspiracism shifted from [[crypto-communism|crypto-communists]], perceived to be plotting to establish an atheistic world communist government, to globalists, perceived to be plotting to implement a collectivist generally, unified world government ultimately controlled by an untouchable [[oligarchy]] of international bankers, corrupt politicians, and [[Corporatocracy|corporatists]], or the United Nations itself. The shift in perception was inspired by growing [[business nationalism|opposition to corporate internationalism]] on the American right in the 1990s.<ref name="Berlet 1999"/>{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In his speech, ''[[s:Toward a New World Order|Toward a New World Order]]'', delivered on 11 September 1990 during a joint session of the [[United States Congress|US Congress]], President [[George H. W. Bush]] described [[New world order (politics)#Gulf War and Bush's formulation|his objectives for post-Cold War global governance]] in cooperation with [[post-Soviet states]]. He stated:

{{quotation|Until now, the world we've known has been a world divided—a world of barbed wire and concrete block, conflict, and the cold war. Now, we can see a new world coming into view. A world in which there is the genuine prospect of new world order. In the words of Winston Churchill, a "world order" in which "the principles of justice and fair play ... protect the weak against the strong ..." A world where the United Nations, freed from cold war stalemate, is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders. A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations.<ref>(clip) {{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byxeOG_pZ1o |title= George Bush Sr. New World Order Live Speech Sept 11 1991 |date= 3 December 2011 |publisher= YouTube |access-date= 14 January 2016}}</ref>}}

''[[The New York Times]]'' observed that progressives were denouncing this new world order as a rationalization of [[American imperialism|American imperial]] ambitions in the [[Middle East]] at the time. At the same time [[conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] rejected any new security arrangements altogether and fulminated about any possibility of a UN revival.<ref>{{cite news|last1= Judis|first1= John B.|title= George Bush, Meet Woodrow Wilson|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/20/opinion/george-bush-meet-woodrow-wilson.html|access-date= 10 July 2014|work= The New York Times|date= 20 November 1990}}</ref> [[Chip Berlet]], an American investigative reporter specializing in the study of right-wing movements in the U.S., wrote that the Christian and secular far-right were especially terrified by Bush's speech. Fundamentalist Christian groups interpreted Bush's words as signaling the [[Eschatology|End Times]]. At the same time, more secular theorists approached it from an anti-communist and anti-collectivist standpoint and feared for hegemony over all countries by the United Nations.<ref name="Berlet and Lyons 2000"/>
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