New Testament

=== The phrase New Testament as the collection of scriptures ===
The use of the phrase "New Testament" ([[Koine Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē}}) to describe a collection of first and second-century Christian Greek scriptures can be traced back to [[Tertullian]] in his work ''Against Praxeas''.<ref name="trobisch-2000">{{cite book|last=Trobisch |first=David |title=The First Edition of the New Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York | pages=43–44 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-511240-5 }}</ref><ref name="trobisch-2012">{{cite encyclopedia|title=The New Testament in Light of Book Publishing in Antiquity |author-last=Trobisch |author-first=David |author-link=David Trobisch |encyclopedia=Editing the Bible: Assessing the Task Past and Present |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta, GA |editor1-last=Kloppenberg |editor1-first=John S. |editor2-last=Newman |editor2-first=Judith H. |series=Resources for Biblical Study |volume=69 |pages=161–170 |year=2012 |url=http://trobisch.com/david/wb/media/articles/2012%20NT%20BookPublishing.pdf |isbn=978-1-58983-648-8 }}</ref><ref name="praxeas">"If I fail in resolving this article (of our faith) by passages which may admit of dispute out of the Old Testament, I will take out of the New Testament a confirmation of our view, that you may not straightway attribute to the Father every possible (relation and condition) which I ascribe to the Son." – [[Tertullian]], ''[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0317.htm Against Praxeas]'' 15</ref> Irenaeus uses the phrase "New Testament" several times, but does not use it in reference to any written text.<ref name="trobisch-2012" /> In ''Against Marcion'', written c.&nbsp;208&nbsp;AD, Tertullian writes of:<ref>Tertullian. "Chapter XIV". [http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian123.html ''Against Marcion, Book III''].</ref>
{{blockquote|1=the Divine Word, who is doubly edged with the two testaments of the [[Torah|law]] and the [[gospel]].}}

And Tertullian continues later in the book, writing:<ref>Tertullian. "Chapter VI". [http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian124.html ''Against Marcion, Book IV''].</ref>{{Efn|See also Tertullian, [http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian124.html ''Against Marcion, Book IV''], chapters I, II, XIV. His meaning in chapter XX is less clear, and in chapters IX and XL he uses the term to mean 'new covenant'.}}
{{blockquote|1=it is certain that the whole aim at which he {{bracket|[[Marcion]]}} has strenuously laboured, even in the drawing up of his Antitheses, centres in this, that he may establish a diversity between the Old and the New Testaments, so that his own [[Christ]] may be separate from the [[Creator God|Creator]], as belonging to this rival God, and as alien from the law and the [[Neviim|prophets]].}}

By the [[Christianity in the 4th century|4th century]], the existence—even if not the exact contents—of both an Old and New Testament had been established. [[Lactantius]], a 3rd–4th century Christian author wrote in his early-4th-century Latin ''Institutiones Divinae'' (''Divine Institutes''):<ref>Lactantius. "Chapter XX". [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.ii.iv.xx.html "The Divine Institutes, Book IV"].</ref>
{{blockquote|1=But all scripture is divided into two Testaments. That which preceded the advent and passion of Christ—that is, the [[Torah|law]] and the [[Neviim|prophets]]—is called the Old; but those things which were written after His resurrection are named the New Testament. The Jews make use of the Old, we of the New: but yet they are not discordant, for the New is the fulfilling of the Old, and in both there is the same testator, even Christ, who, having suffered death for us, made us heirs of His everlasting kingdom, the people of the Jews being deprived and disinherited. As the prophet Jeremiah testifies when he speaks such things: "Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will make a new testament to the house of Israel and the house of Judah, not according to the testament which I made to their fathers, in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; for they continued not in my testament, and I disregarded them, saith the Lord."<ref>{{Bibleref2|Jer|31:31–32}}</ref>  ... For that which He said above, that He would make a new testament to the house of Judah, shows that the old testament which was given by Moses was not perfect; but that which was to be given by Christ would be complete.}}

[[Eusebius]] describes the collection of Christian writings as "covenanted" (ἐνδιαθήκη) books in ''Hist. Eccl.'' 3.3.1–7; 3.25.3; 5.8.1; 6.25.1.