Manchester

===Early history===
{{main|Mamucium}}
The [[Brigantes]] were the major [[Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland|Celtic tribe]] in what is now known as [[Northern England]]; they had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which [[Manchester Cathedral]] now stands, opposite the bank of the [[River Irwell]].<ref name="Cooper">{{cite book |first=Glynis |last=Cooper |title=Salford: An Illustrated History |publisher=The Breedon Books Publishing Company |year=2005 |isbn=1-85983-455-8|page=19}}</ref> Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]] and [[Stretford]]. Following the [[Roman conquest of Britain]] in the 1st century, [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|General Agricola]] ordered the construction of a [[Castra|fort]] named [[Mamucium]] in the year 79 to ensure that Roman interests in [[Deva Victrix]] ([[Chester]]) and [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]) were protected from the Brigantes.<ref name="Cooper"/> Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time.<ref name="Roman">{{cite book| title=Halloween: from Pagan Ritual to Party Night| url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195168969.do#.UmOl33CVPp8| last=Rogers| first=Nicholas| year=2003| page=18| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| isbn=0-19-516896-8| access-date=7 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000106/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195168969.do#.UmOl33CVPp8| archive-date=21 October 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in [[Castlefield]]. The Roman habitation of Manchester probably ended around the 3rd century; its [[Vicus (Rome)|civilian settlement]] appears to have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although the fort may have supported a small garrison until the late 3rd or early 4th century.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Gregory |editor-first=Richard |title=Roman Manchester: The University of Manchester's Excavations within the Vicus 2001–5 |page=190 |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2007 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84217-271-1}}</ref> After the [[Roman withdrawal from Britain|Roman withdrawal]] and [[Saxon invasions of Britain|Saxon conquest]], the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell and [[River Irk|Irk]] sometime before the [[Norman Conquest|arrival of the Normans]] after 1066.<ref name="Kidd">{{cite book|title=Manchester: A History| last=Kidd|first=Alan|year=2006|pages= 12, 15–24, 224|publisher=Carnegie Publishing|location=Lancaster|isbn=1-85936-128-5}}</ref> Much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent [[Harrying of the North]].<ref name="Hylton">{{cite book|title=A History of Manchester|last=Hylton|first=Stuart|year=2003|pages=1–10, 22, 25, 42, 63–67, 69|publisher=Phillimore & Co|isbn=1-86077-240-4}}</ref><ref name="Arrowsmith">{{cite book|title=Stockport: a History|last=Arrowsmith|first=Peter|year=1997|page=30|publisher=Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council|isbn=0-905164-99-7}}</ref>
[[File:McConnel & Company mills, about 1820.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cotton mill]]s in [[Ancoats]], {{Circa|1820}}]]
[[File:Peterloo Massacre.png|thumb|left|The [[Peterloo Massacre]] of 1819 resulted in 15 deaths and several hundred injured.]]
In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Manchester is recorded as within the [[hundred of Salford]] and held as [[tenant in chief]] by a Norman named [[Roger of Poitou]],<ref name="doomsday">{{cite web |last1=Powell-Smith |first1=Anna |title=Open Doomsday |url=https://opendomesday.org/place/SJ8398/manchester/ |website=Open Doomsday |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref> later being held by the family of Grelley, [[lord of the manor]] and residents of [[Manchester Castle]] until 1215 before a Manor House was built.<ref name="gatehouse">{{cite web |title=Manchester Castle |url=http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/1907.html |publisher=The Gatehouse – the comprehensive gazetteer of the medieval fortifications and castles of England and Wales |access-date=18 March 2008}}</ref> By 1421 Thomas de la Warre founded and constructed a [[collegiate church]] for the [[Manchester (ancient parish)|parish]], now [[Manchester Cathedral]]; the domestic premises of the college house [[Chetham's School of Music]] and [[Chetham's Library]].<ref name="Kidd"/><ref name="Hartwell">{{cite book|title=Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester|last=Hartwell|first=Clare|year=2001|pages= 11–17, 155, 256, 267–268|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-071131-7}}</ref> The library, which opened in 1653 and is still open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Nicholls2004P20">{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Nicholls |title=Curiosities of Greater Manchester |publisher=Sutton Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0-7509-3661-4}}</ref>

Manchester is mentioned as having a [[Market town|market]] in 1282.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516 | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40422&strquery=lancashire | last = Letters | first = Samantha | year = 2005 | page = 19 | publisher = British History Online | access-date = 5 May 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120314084039/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40422&strquery=lancashire | archive-date = 14 March 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of [[Flemish people|Flemish]] weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry.<ref name="Flemish">{{cite book | title=Lancashire, The Industrial and Commercial South| last=Pevsner| first=Nikolaus| year=1969| page=265| publisher=Penguin Books| location=London| isbn=0-14-071036-1}}</ref> Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of [[wool]]lens and [[linen]], and by about 1540, had expanded to become, in [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]]'s words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire".<ref name="Kidd"/> The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester.<ref name="Hylton"/>

During the [[English Civil War]] Manchester strongly favoured the Parliamentary interest. Although not long-lasting, [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] granted it the right to elect its own [[Members of Parliament|MP]]. [[Charles Worsley]], who sat for the city for only a year, was later appointed Major General for Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire during the [[Rule of the Major Generals]]. He was a diligent [[puritan]], turning out ale houses and banning the celebration of Christmas; he died in 1656.<ref>{{cite book | title= Cromwell's major generals: godly government during the English Revolution | series= Politics, culture, and society in early modern Britain | author=Durston, Christopher | year= 2001 | publisher=Manchester University Press | location= Manchester | isbn= 0-7190-6065-6 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw622QZHTcYC&q=%22charles+worsley%22&pg=PA86 | access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>

Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen/cotton [[fustian]]s, but by around 1750 pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance.<ref name="Kidd"/> The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by 1736, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The [[Bridgewater Canal]], Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in 1761, bringing coal from mines at [[Worsley]] to central Manchester. The canal was extended to the Mersey at [[Runcorn]] by 1776. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton.<ref name="Kidd"/><ref name="Hartwell"/> Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns.<ref name="Kidd"/> A [[commodities exchange]], opened in 1729,<ref name="Hylton"/> and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce. In 1780, [[Richard Arkwright]] began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill.<ref name="Hylton"/><ref name="Hartwell"/> In the early 1800s, [[John Dalton]] formulated his atomic theory in Manchester.