Jerusalem

===Ancient Egyptian sources===
The [[Execration Texts]] of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt]] (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called ''rwšꜣlmm'' or ''ꜣwšꜣmm'', variously transcribed as ''Rušalimum'', or ''Urušalimum'',<ref>Sethe, Kurt (1926) "Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des Mittleren Reiches nach den Originalen im Berliner Museum herausgegeben und erklärt" in ''Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1926 issue, philosophisch-historische Klasse, number 5, page 53</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period |last=Hoch |first=James E |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton}}</ref> may indicate Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Noel Freedman |author2=Allen C. Myers |author3=Astrid B. Beck |title=Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |access-date=19 August 2010 |year=2000 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4 |pages=694–95 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083747/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', (tr. David E. Green) William B. Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p. 348</ref> Alternatively, the [[Amarna letters]] of [[Abdi-Heba]] (1330s BCE), which reference an ''Úrušalim'', may be the earliest mention of the city.<ref name=vaughn>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period |author1=Vaughn, Andrew G. |author2=Ann E. Killebrew |date=1 August 2003 |contribution=Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C |isbn=978-1-58983-066-0 |pages=32–33 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140948/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University, Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=History of Jerusalem from its Beginning to David |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |access-date=18 January 2007 |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |date=3 March 1997 |archive-date=17 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117203409/http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/EA263-end.html |title=The El Amarna Letters from Canaan |publisher=TAU.ac.il |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=14 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214052256/http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/EA263-end.html |url-status=live}}</ref>